The Shawshank Redemption

SPOILER ALERT! The plot will be discussed.

I would like to announce the publication of my new novel, The Bigger Picture. The link to Amazon is: https://www.amazon.com/Bigger-Picture-Augustus-Cileone/dp/0997096284/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1527711220&sr=1-1&keywords=cileonea

All of my earnings will be donated to the Bryn Mawr Film Institute. It is a mystery for movie lovers, like its prequel, Out of the Picture. The new story deals with the double sexual standard and sexual abuse of women.

This 1994 film, based on a Stephen King story and directed and scripted by Frank Darabont, is in the tradition of past movies such as The King of Hearts, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Cool Hand Luke, and the current Netflix series, Orange is the New Black, which question whether those in control of the institutions of confinement may be more dangerous than some of the people locked away.

The film begins in 1947 in darkness as Andy Dufresne (Tim Robbins), intoxicated after almost draining the bottle of whiskey he holds, loads a revolver. There are cuts to a courtroom where Andy is on trial for the murder of his wife and her professional golf pro lover. He says that he didn’t kill them, but there are his footprints near the scene of the crime along with bullets and a broken liquor bottle, and he admitted to being there the night of the murders. He says that he thinks he was just going to scare them, but as he sobered up he just left and threw the gun into the river. The police dredged the water but did not find the weapon. Andy comes off as distant, a “cold fish.” The judge sentences him to consecutive life terms and says that Andy is “icy and remorseless.” The song we hear during the opening is, “If I didn’t care,” which is an ironic piece, since it not only refers to Andy’s aloofness, but also implies he wouldn’t be in this predicament if he “didn’t care.”

The story shifts not only visually but also in point of view. The rest of the film is almost entirely narrated by Red, whose full name is Ellis Redding (Morgan Freeman). By having Red tell tell the tale, Andy can remain a mystery as to what he thinks and plans, thus allowing for plot surprises, and we only get to know him from his actions and effect on others. We see Red at the first of three interviews he attends to determine his eligibility for parole. He has been a prisoner for twenty years and presents a stock speech that he hopes will get him his release. When asked if he thinks he is rehabilitated, Red answers, “Oh yes sir, absolutely, sir. I mean I’ve learned my lesson. I can honestly say I’m a changed man. No longer a danger to society here, and that’s the God’s honest truth.” Of course the board realizes that there is no sincerity behind the words and deny his request. But, the board also is just going through the motions, not really trying to delve into the prisoner’s situation or character. That is why the other prisoners say that they have been or will be up for “rejection,” since those in authority offer them little hope, a word that becomes the central focus for the main characters.

Red is a supplier, the man who smuggles items into Shawshank Prison that on the outside would be easy to obtain, but which are precious and in short supply inside. This fact stresses the deprivation of the incarcerated, who must bribe, haggle and scrounge for what free people take for granted. Red mentions some of the things he acquires, including “a bottle of brandy” to “celebrate” the high school graduation of a prisoner’s child. This simple sentence accentuates the sadness of the inmate with the ironic reference to a celebration that is diminished due to being absent from a cherished family event.

Of course many would say that those who have broken the law deserve such deprivation, but the movie implies that the brutality depicted here would challenge the Constitutional requirements against “cruel and unusual” punishment. The group of new arrivals which includes Andy receive a dehumanizing reception from the cruel prison guard, Hadley (Clancy Brown, who makes amends as a sympathetic prison guard in The Hurricane). He tells the novice inmates, “You eat when we say you eat. You piss when we say you piss, and you shit when we say you shit.” So, those incarcerated have even lost the freedom to control their basic drives and bodily functions. Warden Norton (Bob Gunton) also addresses the group, and shows his warped priorities by stating the most important rule is to not take the Lord’s name in vain, which he labels “blasphemy.” Apparently any acts of violence are secondary, on the parts of the prisoners and the guards. He issues bibles to everyone and pretends to be an upright Christian, but he turns out to be a religious hypocrite.

The seasoned prisoners bet on which of the new men will break down first. Red thinks it will be Andy because he appears to be a privileged citizen who will not be able to tolerate the reality of his new situation. Red says that the first night in prison is awful because the only thing a man has to do is dwell on all that he has lost. First-nighters are stripped of their clothes, and symbolically their identifications with their past lives, and are hosed down naked and burned with delousing powder (this demonic rebirth contrasts with the ending). But it is not Andy who breaks. One man does, and his unstoppable crying elicits a beating from Hadley that results in the prisoner’s death. Red misread Andy, which is consistent with his early on inscrutability. However, we start to see how Andy is the bringer of humanity to the prison when he wants to know the name of the man who was beaten to death, while the others dismiss the man, seeing him as just someone to bet on. Red says that they found out that Andy was a vice president of a bank, and this status job along with his aloofness caused resentment from others who saw him as uppity.

Andy kept to himself for the first month, but eventually speaks to Red, saying he wants to pursue his hobby of collecting rocks, which is probably an attempt to stay connected to his past. He asks Red to get him a rock hammer, and a suspicious Red asks if it can be used to tunnel out, which if found, could get Red in trouble. Andy laughs because he says when Red sees it he will understand Andy’s amusement. The hammer turns out to be very small. Red observes that Andy had a look and a walk about him, as if he were strolling in the park as he walked through the prison grounds. He says that Andy acted as if “he had on an invisible coat that would shield him from this place.” After actually meeting him, Red admits that he “liked Andy from the start.”

However, Andy had no such protection. The “Sisters’ take an interest in him. Red says that prison is no fairy tale world, and these men, led by Bogs (Mark Ralston), whose name reminds one of a swamp, attack and rape Andy. Over a two year period, Andy was sometimes able to fight them off, but other times could not. That the film does not paint all convicts as victims can be seen in the depiction of these men, who Red says are not homosexual, because  “you have to be human first. They don’t qualify.” Red tells us that Andy would have been destroyed if the assaults would have continued. But, if one wants to consider a religious interpretation, a sort of miracle occurred. The event took place, appropriately, on an elevated level - a roof. Red fixed it so that he and his pals would be assigned to a detail outside in the warmth of the sun, tarring a roof. The men overhear the nasty guard, Hadley, complain that the $35,000 dollars he inherited will be eaten up by the IRS. In a scary move, Andy approaches Hadley and asks him if he trusts his wife. The guard almost throws Andy off of the roof, but Andy says that there is an exclusion in the tax laws that allows a gift to a spouse. Andy offers to do the paperwork if he can get some beer for the other inmates during a break. The deal is made, and Andy, who has given up drinking since the night his wife was killed, did not risk his life for himself. He sits in the sun, with a smile on his face, enjoying how he has done something for others. Red says that maybe Andy did it to win over some fellow prisoners, or to gain favor with the guards. Red believes Andy did it to just to feel “normal” again. But, that normal state that Andy brings fans out to others, as he bestows a moment of transcendence from bondage. Red says that the men “felt like free men. Hell, we could have been tarring the roof of one of our own houses.” Andy is a transformative agent. He brings humanity, and hope, to others.

Red and Andy play checkers, but Andy prefers chess, and later he carves pieces out of rocks. His liking of this strategic game gives us a hint that he will be planning something in the future. In fact, the following scenes add to the clues concerning his future endgame. We watch him carving his name on the wall of the cell with the rock hammer which is followed by his approaching Red while the latter is viewing the Rita Hayworth film Gilda. Andy asks Red to get him a poster of the female movie star. At the time we don’t question the significance of these two scenes following each other, but we later receive the payoff.

In another assault, the “Sisters” almost beat Andy to death, and he must spend a month in the infirmary. Because Andy has helped Hadley with his taxes, the guard is waiting for Bogs in his cell and beats him viciously. Red says that Bogs never walked again and spent his life in another institution eating his food through a straw. In a way, Andy has turned the devil into an avenging angel, at least in this instance. For a while he is able to subvert the oppressive penal system into a beneficial force. The hardened criminals around him, because of the way he secured beer for them and out of sympathy for his beating, become generous. They gather rocks for his chess pieces and Red gets him his Rita Hayworth poster free of charge. Warden Norton, through Hadley, visits Andy in his cell to size him up. Andy is able to quote scripture which the warden admires. While holding Andy’s bible the warden recites the phrase “Salvation lies within.” The irony of this quote is revealed at the end of the film.

Based on his meeting with Andy, the warden assigns him to the easy detail of helping the senior inmate, Brooks (James Whitmore), at the prison library. There is no real need for Andy being there, the library being small. The area, however, is a good pace for Andy to do the taxes for the guards and later the warden, along with guards from other prisons. They all get Andy’s expert financial advice without having to pay accountants or lawyers. Andy figures he can bargain. He asks the warden to allow him to petition the state legislature for funds to expand the library, which the warden agrees to.

In the middle of Andy’s attempts to better the plight of the convicts, there is the story of Brooks, who, after fifty years of confinement, has been granted a release. He has become what Red says is an “institutionalized” man, and has no clue as to how to deal with the outside world. Brooks holds a knife to the prisoner Heywood’s (William Sadler) throat, hoping the act will keep him inside. He relinquishes the blade, and before he leaves, sets free his pet crow, Jake. The bird finds freedom, but Brooks remains imprisoned in his mind. We now get a change in the point of view as Brooks becomes the narrator, as he tells of his problems in a letter to his friends in prison. Brooks is frightened by the world he is forced to rejoin, whose abundance of choices overwhelms a man whose life was rigidly structured. Everything moves much quicker, as is seen by a speeding car that almost hits him. It is symbolic as to how life has moved on, leaving Brooks behind as he fossilized behind bars. He lives in a halfway house, which indicates how he is caught halfway between two worlds. He has no skills because his incarceration did nothing to prepare him for reentry into society. At a senior age, riddled with arthritis, the system secures him a job as a lowly grocery store bagger. He thinks about committing a crime so they will send him “home,” which is a sad indication that he considers the prison his place of true residence. He eventually hangs himself. Red says, “These walls are funny. First you hate ‘em, then you get used to ‘em. Enough time passes, you get so you depend on them … They send you here for life, and that’s exactly what they take.” Red’s take is that the system is set up for punishment only, and doesn’t really offer the chance for a new start.

But, redemption (thus the film’s title) is exactly what Andy wants to bring to the situation. After six years the state government sends him some money and books donated by a library. Instead of stopping his letter writing, Andy increases the number or requests for more expansion. The state eventually gives him an annual stipend, and walls are broken down and the library is expanded. Andy provides a new world of knowledge to the inmates, and even gets them a release from their dreary labor to help him set up the library and do the taxes each year. He tutors may of the prisoners who eventually earn their high school equivalency diplomas. Early on in this process, Andy discovers a recording of two women singing an aria from Mozart’s “Marriage of Figaro.” He locks himself in the warden’s office and plays the record through the PA system so the whole prison population can hear it. The beauty of the music contrasts with the harsh voices of the guards shouting at Andy, and Hadley’s breaking of the glass on the door, as those in authority become the agents of disharmony. The men are spellbound. Red, who through his narration shows the effects of Andy’s actions, says he doesn’t know what the women singing in Italian were saying, but the content of the words was not the point. He says, “those voices soared higher and farther than anybody in a gray place dares to dream. It was like some beautiful bird flapped into our drab little cage and made these walls dissolve away, and for the briefest of moments, every last man in Shawshank felt free.” These poetic words again refer to the bird as a symbol of freedom. Andy bestows that feeling onto the imprisoned.

Andy serves time in the hole for his act, which the warden in his warped way sees as an infraction instead of an act of kindness. After his punishment, Andy tells the other prisoners that it was easy time, because he kept the music he played inside himself, and those in charge can’t take away the liberating feeling that music instills. He tells them basically that they can still be free inside and reach a higher level of humanity spiritually despite the fact that their bodies are locked away. Red admits that he played the harmonica once, but threw it away because he didn’t see the point of keeping it given the circumstances. Andy argues that inside prison is when you need that feeling music inspires most. It keeps the feeling of hope alive. Red does not want to entertain false expectations. He says, “Hope is a dangerous thing. Hope can drive a man insane.” Even though he has experienced brief moments of that hope while tarring the roof and listening to the music, Red, at this point, won’t allow himself the possibility of experiencing the crushing disappointment of unfulfilled dreams. In another symbolic act, Andy acquires a harmonica, and gives it to Red after another denial of parole so as to inspire hope even in the face of rejection. Red can’t find it in himself to play it yet, probably because it would seem too optimistic to him. He does produce one note in his cell, a foreshadowing of a future change in attitude.

Years pass, and Andy turns the library into the best one in the state prison system. His accomplishment comes by way of making a bargain with the devil, though. The warden institutes his “Inside Out” program. On the surface it sounds admirable. He gets the state government to pay for the prisoners to go out into the community and do public works projects. It is supposed to teach the inmates the value of honest work and save the taxpayers money as tasks are completed at a cost far less than what would be paid to private providers. But, the warden skims off the top of the allocations, and accepts bribes from contractors so that the warden will not deploy his men for certain projects that can be awarded to businesses. To launder the excess money he receives, the warden uses Andy. He creates a person, Randall Stephens, complete with Social Security number, birth certificate, and driver’s license. The money is invested in bonds, stocks and securities, and the earnings placed in bank accounts supposedly belonging to this fabricated man. In an ironic statement to Red, Andy says, “on the outside, I was an honest man, straight as an arrow. I had to come to prison to be a crook.” Instead of the penal system reforming a guilty person, it instead corrupts an innocent one (remind you of HBO’s The Night Of?)

But through this compromise of ethics, Andy continues doing his good deeds, including helping a career young criminal by the name of Tommy (Gil Bellows) obtain his high school diploma. When Tommy asks Red about Andy’s crime, the young man realizes that a past cellmate, who loved to talk, told Tommy how he killed a golf pro at a country club in bed with this woman while the criminal was robbing the man. He said they blamed the murder on the woman’s banker husband. Since Tommy supplies the name of the convict, Andy goes to the warden for help in tracking the man down as a first step in gaining his release. But, the warden has no interest in justice, and only cares about his selfish accumulation of wealth. He throws Andy in the hole for a month, and has Hadley shoot Tommy, with the cover story that the young man was killed trying to escape. The warden visits Andy in the hole and tells him that he will continue to help him or the guards will no longer protect him from getting raped and his library will be sealed off and all the books burned. This association of fire with the self-proclaimed Christian warden makes him appear to be a sort of devil in disguise who uses his minions, the guards and the prison rapists, to enforce his sinful plans.

After two months in the hole, Andy appears hardened. He no longer sees himself capable of changing what goes on in the prison. He also assumes some guilt for what happened to his wife, saying he didn’t know how to show his love and that drove her away, which eventually led to her death. It may be that he tried to achieve redemption by showing warmth to the men in prison by helping them. Red tells Andy that maybe he was guilty of being a bad husband, but he is no killer. Andy then talks about wanting to go to a little town in Mexico on the Pacific Ocean where he can have a little hotel, fix up a boat, and take guests on fishing charters. Red tells him he shouldn’t torture himself with his “shitty pipe dream,” words that will shortly carry an ironic meaning. Andy says that if Red ever gets out he should go up to Buxton, Maine, and seek out a stone wall which leads to an oak tree. Near it there will be a piece of volcanic rock that doesn’t belong there. Under it there will be something buried for him. When asked what it is, Andy simply says he will have to make the journey to find out. In a way, Andy makes it a test of faith. He the says that it’s time to get busy living or get busy dying. Red worries about Andy trying to take his own life, and is even more concerned when he finds out that Andy asked Heywood for some rope.

The next day Andy does not come out of his cell. But, he didn’t commit suicide - he escaped. We hear Red’s narration and see flashbacks of how rock broke off from the cell wall as Andy tried to carve his name. He used the Rita Hayworth poster (and eventually one of Marilyn Monroe and one of Raquel Welch) to cover his tunnel work. He dumped the dirt in the prison yard through his pants (similar to what is done in The Great Escape). It took him twenty years to get through the walls. On the night he escaped, he wore the warden’s shoes and the man’s suit under his prison clothes. He put them in a water-tight plastic bag which he tied to his leg with the rope. He picked a rainy night, went through the tunnel and reached the space between the prison walls where the sewer line sat. He used a rock to smash the pipe when thunder roared to cover the sound, and crawled through the excremental filth to freedom. So, Andy’s plan, to use Red’s words, was a “shitty pipe dream,” which seemed like only a false hope, but was turned into a liberating reality. The warden finds Andy’s bible which the inmate cut a wedge in to hide his rock hammer (appropriately in the book of "Exodus,"symbolizing escape from oppression). He inscribes the good book by saying that salvation does lie within, but the reference is to the hammer, and the liberation is from the hypocritical Christian tyrant.

One can argue that Andy is a type of Christ figure. His last name, Dufresne, means “ash tree,” and, according to IMDb, the ash tree in folklore represents healing or death and rebirth. Andy sacrifices his old self by going to prison, and the naked scene as he enters prison symbolizes a rebirth into a trial by ordeal (like Jesus’ incarnation) in a place where he tries to bring salvation to others. As Red says in the end he crawled through “a river of shit and came out clean on the other side.” When he exits the sewer pipe, he again strips off his clothes and the rain falling on him, in a shot downward from the heavens, appears like a deluge of grace, washing him clean, like a baptism, symbolizing a rebirth out of the world of sin. Andy even stretches his arms out, like Christ on the cross, but now freed from that cross. Andy is reborn into the man he created, Randall Stephens (maybe like God the father creating Jesus the son). Since he has all of the identifying papers, and a signature to match, he visits all of the banks where he has deposited the warden’s wealth. He withdraws it all, and sends incriminating evidence to the newspapers. The guard Hadley is arrested, and the warden commits suicide before being caught. Divine justice is dispensed?

Red receives a blank postcard from a place in Texas which he assumes is where Andy crossed into Mexico. He misses his friend, but says, “Some birds aren’t meant to be caged.” We are again reminded of Brooks’ crow, Jake, and Andy, unlike Brooks, is capable of flying beyond the walls that imprison him, both physically and spiritually. Red finally obtains his release when he doesn’t give the rehearsed speech to the parole board. He says that he feels sorry for that boy that was him in his youth and wants to go back and talk sense to him to stop him from committing murder. But, that boy is long gone, and what replaced him was this old man. Since he convinces those in authority that the law breaking person no longer exists, he is set free. But, Red is an “institutionalized” man like Brooks, and he seems to be following in the dead ex-con’s footsteps, living in the same room and doing the same job. But, his promise to Andy keeps him going. Red looks beyond the guns in a display window and decides not to commit a crime to go back “home” to prison. He instead purchases a compass to find what is buried in Buxton. Andy has given him a direction. He finds a box buried near the tree where Andy asked his wife to marry him, representing the romanticism of young love, a feeling in opposition to Red’s cynical anti-hope stance stated in prison. The box has a picture of a ship on it, implying more direction and a journey, something to pursue. In this sort of “treasure chest,” Andy has left money for Red’s “voyage,” and a letter saying if he came this far, he has it in him to push himself, to go further. He has given Red signposts on the road to salvation. Andy pays his redemption forward, and Red is the recipient as he joins his old friend on a beach, bathed in sunlight (the opposite of the dark beginning of the story) and symbolically cleansing waters.

As he rides toward his destination, Red now invokes hope in a sort of prayer. He says, “I hope I can make it across the border. I hope to see my friend and shake his hand. I hope the Pacific is as blue as it has been in my dreams. I hope.” Andy says in his letter, “hope is a good thing, maybe the best of things, and no good thing ever dies.” Through hope, in the presence of adversity, maybe, we can all be redeemed.

The next film is High Noon.

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof

SPOILER ALERT! The plot will be discussed.

There are several aspects of this 1958 film directed and adapted by Richard Brooks which lend themselves to criticism. For one, the play on which it is based, written by Tennessee Williams, all but obliterates the homosexual bond between Brick Pollitt (Paul Newman) and his deceased football playing friend, Skipper, to comply with the Hollywood Production Code in force at that time. In a movie about lies, the script is dishonest about this relationship. (Williams did not like the movie). And, the story is heavy-handed in its metaphors. Brick literally carries a crutch around to mirror his use of alcohol as a psychological prop. Brick’s wife, Maggie (Elizabeth Taylor) refers to herself as a “cat on a hot tin roof,” because she is always in the hot seat when it comes to the family she has married into. She says she can’t jump off because there is no place else to go, which implies a lack of feminine empowerment. Calling a woman a “cat” is a sexist term, implying women are pretty on the outside and still have claws underneath to harm. It is also a slang reference for a prostitute.

However, the characters are fairly complex, and there are techniques that make the movie worth the watch. Even though the film retains the intensity of the stage version by keeping most of the action indoors, Brooks utilizes a variety of camera shots, ranging from close-ups to inclusive shots of the characters. He highlights one character in a scene over others by placing that person in the foreground. He also shoots upward to emphasize the “bigness” of Big daddy, and aims the camera downward when the point of view is from Big Daddy, to show how he views the world from his powerful height. The camera work “opens” up the presentation of the story, making it cinematic.

It is true that at the beginning of the film, Maggie, who came from poverty, seems to be using her sexual attractiveness to seduce Brick’s father, Big Daddy (Burl Ives) into leaving his fortune to Brick. But, as the story unfolds, we realize that her motivations are not just monetary. She has loving feelings for Brick, and cares about Big Daddy, so there is more to her than what first meets the eye. Brick has injured his leg while trying to jump hurdles in an attempt to recapture his football hero days. He wants to escape the truth of his current life, which includes feeling betrayed by his wife, and unloved by his father. He also has lost his best friend, Skipper, to suicide. His isolation is shown by his staying by himself in his bedroom. He hardly can look another person in the eyes. When he and Maggie speak, he talks with his back to her, not wanting to confront the reality involving his family, which includes his now celibate relationship with his wife.

The opening scenes are full of color outside among the flowers of the Pollitt estate. However, this appearance is just a glossy diversion from the selfish acts of the children of Brick’s brother, Gooper (Jack Carson) and his greedy wife, Mae (Madeleine Sherwood). They have a brood of noisy, spoiled children, who Gooper mostly ignores, as is illustrated by the indulgent way he handles one boy submerging his hands in the ice cream dessert. Mae is pregnant again. It appears that they are a happily married couple, but the excess procreation is just a ploy to win Big Daddy over into wanting his wealth and power handed down through future generations by bequeathing his assets to Gooper and Mae. Since Brick and Maggie are childless, Gooper and Mae feel they have the upper hand. It is no wonder the children only think of themselves given the parents they model themselves after. Big Daddy is dismissive of Gooper’s family’s fawning, greedy ways, but he should not be surprised. Gooper is his father’s son, since Big Daddy emphasized accumulation of wealth, and Gooper followed his father's prescription of material success by being practical and financially responsible.

Big Daddy and his wife, Ida, aka Big Mama (Judith Anderson), return from a medical assessment to find out what ails Big Daddy. He has digestive issues, but he says he has a clean bill of health. Maggie goes to tell Brick the good news that his father is okay, and asks him to join Big Daddy’s sixty-fifth birthday party celebration. Brick would rather wallow in his alcoholism. Maggie is at her wits end as she tries to embrace her husband who will have none of it. She is distraught by the absence of receiving any affection from Brick. He escapes, physically and mentally, into the bathroom. He caresses Maggie’s nightgown hanging on the door, indicating he is submerging his romantic feelings toward his wife. Ida bursts in, looking for Brick. She wants to know if he is still drinking, and says to Maggie that her son’s alcoholism and Maggie’s infertility have caused their marriage to fail. Even Dr. Baugh (Larry Gates) is deceitful here, trying to spare his patient and his wife the depressing fact that Big Daddy is actually stricken with terminal colon cancer. He reveals this fact to Brick while checking on his ankle. Gooper also knows about the severity of his father’s illness, but, he, too is hiding the truth from Big Daddy. Brick is honest about Big Daddy’s health to Maggie, who shows genuine sadness about her father-in-law’s illness.

A pouring rainstorm occurs, which is another obvious metaphor for the familial turbulence in the Pollitt family. Big Daddy seems to want honesty. He says that in his house there is, “a powerful and obnoxious odor of mendacity.”  He confronts Brick, who says, “I’m ashamed, Big Daddy. That’s why I’m a drunk. When I’m drunk, I can stand myself.” But Big daddy tells him the truth is “always there” whether he tries to escape it or not. He says that Brick didn’t kill Skipper; he killed himself. So, Brick should stop indulging in self-pity. He basically tells him to grow up. He says that Brick is deceiving himself by pretending to live in a child’s world with his fixation on his past football days. Big Daddy says, “Life ain’t no damn football game.”  He tells Brick that he is “dreamin’ and drinkin’” his life away. He adds, “heroes in the real world live twenty-four hours a day. Not just two hours in a game.” But Big Daddy is hypocritical about his marriage, saying life is “makin’ love to a woman you don’t love anymore.” And, he hasn’t confronted his own mistakes in the way he raised his children, or his feelings toward his own father.

Big Daddy pushes Maggie to tell what she knows about Skipper. She admits that she hated Brick’s football career, and his close association with his teammate,Skipper. She got Skipper drunk and thought about seducing him, to spite her husband and possibly break up the friendship between the two men. But, she changed her mind and backed out. Skipper was so drunk he did not know what happened between himself and Maggie, and called Brick to apologize. Brick, angry at both of them, hung up on his friend. It was after this episode that Skipper killed himself, and Brick now blames himself and Maggie for his death. Brick, not wanting to deal with these harsh truths, runs out into the rain storm. His car getting stuck in the mud is also symbolic of Brick being mired in his own escape from reality. As he tries to get out of the car, he breaks his crutch, which implies that he will now start the attempt to free himself from his dependence on alcohol and his escape from the shame he feels. But, he he brings Big Daddy along on his journey toward truth by telling his father that the doctor lied, and his condition is fatal.

The true selfishness of Mae, who eggs on Gooper, comes through as she and her husband hound Ida to get Big Daddy to take Brick out of the will. Maggie shows up and it becomes known that Big Daddy is terminal. There is a great deal of ugly squabbling as Mae pushes her argument that Brick is a worthless drunk and Maggie can’t provide offspring. Maggie calls Mae a low-life social climber who only wants to satisfy her greed. Ida reveals her previously disguised strength here as she resists the demands of Gooper and Mae.

With the knowledge of his impending death, Big Daddy retreats into the mansion’s cellar, where there are piles of objects that he and Ida have accumulated. It is almost like he is an Egyptian Pharaoh entering his tomb, where it is believed the accumulated wealth will follow the leader into the afterlife. Brick follows him there and asks him why he bought all of this stuff. Big Daddy says one keeps buying things hoping, “one of those things will be life everlasting.”  He talks about how he wanted to make up for the poverty of his youth. His father was a tramp riding boxcars, who took his son with him. He says he remembers the hunger and the shame. He says that his father died laughing, running after a train. Brick makes Big Daddy realize that maybe his father was happy in a life that gave him freedom, if not wealth. And, he tells his father, maybe he was, “happy at having you with him. He took you everywhere. He kept you with him.” He gets Big Daddy to admit that his father left him more than an empty suitcase - he also left him memories and love. Big daddy finally faces the truth that he actually loved his father.

Big Daddy then says that Brick should have come to the people who loved him when he was in trouble. But, Brick, who was looking away from people because he didn’t want to confront the problems in his life, now says to his father, “Look at me,” wanting Big Daddy to realize that all he offered Brick were things, when what he really needed was his father’s affection. Brick then trashes the objects in the cellar, showing his contempt for material things unaccompanied by true affection. The scene ends with the two men helping each other up the stairs, both needing each other to deal with their individual afflictions.

Despite his bad health, Big Daddy has a positive attitude and shows a closeness with his wife that rekindled after the enlightening encounter with Brick. Maggie stops Gooper and Mae in their tracks when she says that she is pregnant, thus deflating their argument that Brick and Maggie can’t carry on the family name. It is ironic that Maggie’s lie is a positive ploy here, as it brings an end to discord in the family. However, upstairs, in their bedroom, Brick says, “Maggie, we’re through with lies and liars in this house. Lock the door.” Supposedly they will become intimate again, and Brick will turn Maggie’s lie about a child into a truth.

The movie argues that the lies that we tell ourselves and others, believing they will protect us, only separate us from those whose love will sustain us.

The next film is The Shawshank Redemption.

Rashomon

SPOILER ALERT! The plot will be discussed.

Most of the time when we are following a story, even though we know it is fiction, we want to feel grounded that within the context of the narrative, we can accept what is depicted is true. This 1950 film by director Akira Kurosawa is one of the first movies to challenge objective presentation, and to emphasize the subjective nature of perceiving reality, to the point of deceiving others and even ourselves. Kurosawa has said peoples' egos cause them to warp the perception of reality in order to present themselves in a favorable light.

The story starts in a driving rainstorm. The bleak atmosphere is reflected in the faces of two silent, inert characters, in a tableau shot, looking dejected, taking shelter under the city gate of Rashomon. The structure is falling apart, also symbolic of the psychological state of these men, and, perhaps, the world at large. The Woodcutter (Takashi Shimura) repeats “I don’t understand.” This statement is his commentary on the events that have occurred recently, but will eventually refer to himself, and possibly, to humans living in this world. The other man is the Priest (Minoru Chiaki). The Commoner (Kichijiro Ueda), arrives on the scene. He functions as the reason for the other two to tell their “horrible” story about a murder, but who also adds his own cynical commentary. Indeed, he says that people are killed all the time, to the point where he says he “heard that the demon living here in Rashomon fled in fear of the ferocity of man.” So nasty are people that he suggests that humans scare supernatural forces. The Priest admits that there has been so much agony caused by natural phenomena, such as plagues, earthquakes, fires, and pain inflicted by humans, such as bandits and soldiers in wars, but the present tale seems more personal and causes the Priest to question his faith in the human soul.

The Commoner doesn’t mind hearing a story, even if it isn’t a true one, and it’s not a sermon, to pass the time while the rain continues to fall. He is like the movie audience, which doesn’t want to hear a “message” that preaches, but which doesn’t mind suspending disbelief in order to be entertained. So, in a sense at one time or another, we engage in deceiving ourselves, pretending that what we see is real, even if it may not be. The Woodcutter tells what happened by relating what he saw and what others said at the hearing. He says that three days prior he was out in the forest to gather wood. In literature, the forest is the absence of civilization, and it is a place where transgressions occur (Deliverance anyone?). Also, Kurosawa is one of the pioneers in using hand held camera shots to present the perspective of the individual walking through the foliage, emphasizing personal, subjective viewpoints. There are shots upward at the sun, but it is diffused by the leaves, almost implying that the truth can be somewhat hidden, or that things seem other worldly because this world is difficult to know. As the Woodcutter relates what he saw, we see a woman’s hat, a piece of rope, and a Samurai cap. The music accompanying his discoveries contains percussive poundings, presenting a foreboding sound that culminates in the Woodcutter’s finding of a dead man. He ran to the police, and today is the day he gave his testimony.

In flashback, we see the Woodcutter, seated in the courthouse garden, telling his version of what happened to him. He faces the camera. We do not see any magistrate. We also do not hear an inquisitor’s voice, only the witness repeating questions asked. In a sense, we, the audience, take the place of an official, and we are to judge what may or may not be true. Director Robert Altman, talking about this film, said art consists of the what is created and how people react to what they perceive. It is possible that Kurosawa is addressing the artistic experience by allowing for different interpretations as to what is happening in this story. The Priest then adds that he saw the man, who would become the victim, earlier walking and leading his horse with his wife riding the animal. She wears the hat the Woodcutter mentioned, which has a veil, covering her face, adding to the mystery of the story.

We next have the Policeman (Daisuke Kato) who has the notorious thief, Tajomaru (Toshiro Mifune) next to him with his hands bound. The Policeman says he captured Tajomaru who had fallen off of his horse, which belonged to the dead Samurai. The dead man’s weapons were also in the thief’s possession. We have the first discrepancy in testimony, as Tajomaru says he did not fall off of his horse, and we see him riding quickly and expertly in his flashback. Of course he is trying to depict himself in a positive way. While the Policeman is talking, Tajomaru looks up at the sky, squinting, almost as if he is trying to figure out what is going on, and possibly trying to understand his fate. He actually says that if it hadn’t been for a breeze that woke him as the Samurai and the woman passed him, he wouldn’t have killed the man. This statement sounds like something out of a Thomas Hardy novel, where the random acts of a sheepdog or meeting a stranger on a road change characters’ destinies.

The bandit said he saw the man and his wife on the road as he tried to sleep off the effects of drinking some tainted water from a stream. (It appears the environment is toxic in this world literally and figuratively). He caught a glimpse of the young woman’s beauty and immediately wanted her. He said he hoped he did not have to kill the man to get her. Tajomaru, in the Woodcutter’s recounting, laughed inappropriately, made sudden movements, and constantly was swatting at bugs, as if vexed by his surroundings. He jumps up and down a great deal and his laughing sounds like an ape. He comes across as an animal many times, which suggests the less evolves nature of humans. The thief made up a story that he had artifacts, including weapons, that he would sell to the samurai, Takehiro Kanazawa (Masayuki Mori) (A lie within a possibly untruthful account?). The samurai is thus interested in monetary gain, leaving his wife alone unattended to pursue financial gain. After leading him to where he said he had the goods for sale, he ambushed the samurai and tied him up with the rope. He lured the wife, Masako (Machiko Kyo) to where he had bound the samurai, saying her husband took ill (more deception). She lost her hat, as did the samurai his cap. Tajomaru said that the wife fought fiercely, trying to stab him with her expensive-looking dagger. He overpowered her, but she succumbed to his kiss and willingly surrendered sexually. She said that because she couldn’t stand to have two men know of her shame, she wanted the two men to fight to the death, and she would go with the victor. Tajomaru cut the samurai loose, fought him, whom he said was a worthy adversary, and, he said, killed him honorably, again trying to justify his actions. He said the wife, however, ran away, turning to the police to offer her version of what happened. He can’t account for not taking the dagger, which was valuable. The objects of the hat, cap, rope, and sword are real, definite items, but the story around them changes, depending on human perceptions.

The Woodcutter says that he felt that the story told by the bandit was a lie. The Commoner expresses his acceptance of human frailty when he says, “It’s human to lie. Most of the time we can’t even be honest with ourselves.” So, not only are people not honest with others, but they also deceive to themselves. He later tells the priest that maybe there is no such thing as “goodness.” He says, “Man just wants to forget the bad stuff, and believe in the made-up good stuff. It’s easier that way, "than to deal with upsetting aspects of people. The Priest says Tajomaru’s description of the fierceness of the wife doesn’t jive with what he saw at the hearing. He says she she was docile and crying. She said that the bandit raped her and mocked her and her husband. She said her husband looked at her with cold disdain and loathing after the assault. She cut him loose, and told him to kill her. She then said she must have fainted. After that she only remembers trying to drown herself in a pond, and failing at other attempts at suicide to repent for any dishonor. Thus her version tries to show her as a victim who tried to do the right thing according to prevailing customs. Since the wife’s story differs so much from that of Tajomaru, the skeptical Commoner says that “Women use their tears to fool everyone.” They are so good at deception that “They even fool themselves.” He again is stressing the human propensity to be dishonest, and warp the truth to such an extent, they can’t even discern what is accurate.

The Priest says there is still the testimony of the husband, who, even though he is dead, spoke through a medium at the courthouse garden. The Woodcutter says all the testimonies are full of falsehoods, but the Priest says, “Dead men tell no lies.” However, the Commoner doesn’t trust even testimony from beyond the grave. The movie seems to imply that human mendacity even survives death. The Priest then relates the medium’s testimony, which she gives in the samurai’s voice, as if possessed. He says Tajomaru was cunning, telling his wife he loved her after he raped her. She said that she would go wherever he wanted her to go. She then astounded the bandit by asking him to kill her husband. Tajomaru was so repulsed by her, he asked the husband if he wanted the thief to kill her. She was able to run off. Tajomaru then freed the husband and left. The samurai found his wife’s dagger and killed himself with it as an honorable way, (his justifying spirit says), to deal with the dishonor of his wife.

The Woodcutter says that even this supernatural testimony is wrong, because the samurai was killed with a sword, not a dagger. The suspicious Commoner asks the Woodcutter how would he know that? He then accuses the Woodcutter of false testimony, saying he did not come across the body of the samurai. He must know more about what happened. The Woodcutter says he didn’t want to get involved, so he lied. He says he came across the wife sobbing and the bandit begging forgiveness for having assaulted her. She then cut her husband’s bonds, but he refused to fight for her, saying he wouldn’t risk his life “for such a woman.” His wife then laughed derisively at the men, accusing them of not being manly enough to fight. Her goading pushed them to fight, but it was not a skillful display of swordsmanship, as the samurai crawled around trying to escape Tajomaru. He finally speared the husband, the wife ran off, and the bandit walked away.

The Commoner even doubts that the Woodcutter’s account of the crime is accurate, saying he stole the wife's dagger for his own gain, so he is a liar and a thief. The Priest says this world is a kind of hell if people don’t trust each other. To which, the Commoner says life is, indeed, a hell. The Priest doesn’t want to give up on his faith. He says, “I believe in men. I don’t want this place to be hell.” They then hear a baby crying. They discover an abandoned child at the gate house. The Commoner steals the kimono wrapped around the baby, and the Woodcutter tries to stop him. But, the Commoner says blame the parents for giving up the baby. The Woodcutter says they probably agonized over the decision, but the Commoner has no time in his basic drive to survive to care about others. He also says that since the Woodcutter is dishonest, he shouldn’t judge him.

The Woodcutter and the Priest look as they did at the beginning of the film, and the Woodcutter adds to his comment about not understanding by saying, “I don’t understand my own soul.” He, too, has lied, and may be a thief, so he questions his own morality. The Priest holds the child, and is reluctant to give it up to the reaching Woodcutter after all that has happened. The Woodcutter says he already has six children and one more won’t make any difference. The Priest, wanting to renew his faith in humanity, decides that the Woodcutter, after seeming contrite about his transgressions, may be a decent man after all. He hands him the baby and they bow to each other respectfully.

The Woodcutter walks off with the baby as the rain has stopped, and the sun begins to shine again. Perhaps the ending offers a hope that, despite the world’s horrors, the next generation is redeemable.

The next film is Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.