Showing posts with label xenophobia. Show all posts
Showing posts with label xenophobia. Show all posts

Sunday, April 18, 2021

Sleuth

 SPOILER ALERT! The plot will be discussed.

 

Sleuth (1972) is an homage to twisty mysteries, almost to the point of parody in its excess. But there is more going on here than just another genre film. Thematically, the story deals with male egotism, class conflict, and xenophobia. There are more witty lines per scene than in most movies. The actors are chameleons in presenting several personas with the help of make-up and various voices. 


 The credits are shown over miniature stages (Sleuth was first an award-winning play written by Anthony Shaffer, who also penned the screenplay), dioramas of scenes from the main character’s books, which suggest the theatrics that will occur. Besides the stars, there are four “actors” listed, which turn out to be red herrings. Milo Tindle (Michael Caine) drives up to a huge mansion situated on a large property called Cloak Manor, which suggests hiding something, but also is the clothing worn by aristocrats. It also reveals the exorbitant wealth of its occupant, successful mystery writer Andrew Wyke (Laurence Olivier. Both he and Caine were nominated for the Best Actor Oscar for their performances). Milo drives a red convertible sports car, which shows possible financial success, but a flashy, undignified affluence, which is looked down upon by Andrew. 


 

Milo hears someone speaking outside and he follows the voice into a hedge maze which is impossible to maneuver. The camera shoots downward as we watch Milo trying to navigate the path like a confused mouse. The effect is to show Andrew’s early dominance over Milo. Andrew is listening to his recorded dictation of a book which contains precise diction and various voices, with Andrew adding physical gestures as he listens. The effect is to illustrate his pomposity and propensity for exaggerated showmanship. Andrew’s royal amateur sleuth, Sir John Lord Merridew, is depicted as having more abilities to reason out criminal circumstances than the lower-class professional detectives. This condescension is at the heart of Andrew’s egotistical character, which we later find harbors feelings of inadequacy as a man. Perhaps the suggestion is that people vicariously are heroes in fiction since they can’t be exalted in real life. Milo calls to Andrew, reminding him that he was asked to come there. Andrew turns part of a hedge which allows Milo to join him. He constructed a puzzle that only he could solve, which shows that he cheats to make sure he wins and in the process he can humiliate his rivals. 

 

Andrew asks Milo if he agrees “that the detective story is the normal recreation of noble minds.” Milo responds with, “I’m afraid I don’t know very much about noble minds.” This exchange stresses the difference between the social levels where these two exist. Andrew mentions that people at high levels of government used to enjoy thrillers and the sleuths were titled individuals. He says that all people seem to like his books even in a “classless” society. Andrew shows that he thinks people crave the nobility they can’t have, and he also hints at a nostalgia for a time that wasn’t threatened by a dissolving of the social hierarchy.

 

More snobbery occurs when Milo asks if Andrew’s stories appear on TV and the writer says he wouldn’t allow it since television is the place for detective fact, not fiction. He implies television is for the literal-minded and is not worthy of imaginative works. Inside the house Andrew has many mechanical toys which reveal Andrew’s desire to control things since he winds them up so they can perform for his amusement. One of the objects is a large replica of a crusty old sailor that laughs when a remote button is pushed. Andrew calls him Jolly Jack Tar. His domineering attitude is demonstrated when Andrew says he tells jokes and Jack must laugh. His manipulation of characters in his stories implies that he also sees people as objects he can bend to his will. He also has puzzles and games which he uses to flaunt his superior mental abilities, but which also reveal his arrested development since he enjoys childlike diversion. This fascination also points to his isolation, which contains no humans from which he can derive happiness.

 

The purpose of Andrew’s invitation is somewhat revealed when he says that he understands that Milo wants to marry Andrew’s wife, Marguerite. The discussion starts very politely. Milo says he does want to wed Andrew’s spouse, with “his permission.” Andrew says he seems a decent fellow but asks questions about his background. Milo’s mother was a farmer’s daughter and his father is Italian and emigrated to England. Andrew acts like he is a “liberal” and has no qualms about Milo’s background. He discovers that Milo’s family name is Tindolini, which he changed so he could “become English,” a phrase that Andrew repeats as if questioning if that process is possible. There is the implication that an Englishman derives from historic roots, not transplanted saplings. Milo’s father was a watch repairman and was not successful. Milo seems disappointed in his father, saying he always told him he couldn’t do well in that old world trade. Milo now owns Casa Tindolini, a couple of hair salons, so the Italian name now can be used because the “birds” like “the continental touch.” Milo quickly changes the word to “ladies” since “birds” is slang which stresses his lower-class origins. Andrew follows with, “English too wholesome for them, eh?” He acts like he is joking but he is judging the encroaching lack of morality on the part of English women corrupted by foreign influences. Andrew asks if Milo lives below, above or behind his shop, another condescending remark. Milo says he lives in a Georgian house, and Andrew shows contempt for the swift social rise of the immigrant by saying, “From Genoa to Georgian in a single generation, eh? Not bad.” 

 

Andrew shows his jealousy by remarking that Marguerite currently stays at Milo’s house twice a week and also frequents the cottage Milo rents near Cloak Manor. He knows a great deal about what has been going on, and he most likely wants Milo to know that he can’t be easily fooled. Andrew then shouts he can say his wife talks like a six-year-old and “makes love like an extinct shellfish,” since it’s his privileged prerogative to act however it suits him. Milo is ready to leave after the verbal assault on the woman he “loves.” Andrew continues spouting nasty things about Marguerite but reels Milo back in when he asks, “Can you afford to take her off my hands?” Andrew is now accusing Milo of not being a sufficient breadwinner, which Milo feels he must defend. Andrew says that Milo must live like the nobility to please Marguerite, which entails at least a large house and car, and he should have a “mistress.” Milo knows about Andrew’s woman on the side, whose name is Tea, because Marguerite also knows about her. The two are competing over what they know about each other. Milo says he and Marguerite could use the knowledge of the mistress as leverage to prevent Andrew from contesting the divorce.


 After showing that they know about each other’s romantic secrets, the two drop any pretension of formality, take off their jackets, and play pool, a game of competition, which this whole movie turns out to be about. The audience becomes the third participant, trying to separate fact from fiction. Andrew later says that he used to have “treasure hunts, charades, games of infinite variety” that have been replaced by his participants with the mindless watching of television which he implies is a loss of evolved culture. 

 

Andrew declares that he has been able to be a sexual tutor for Tea, as he is “pretty much of an Olympic sexual athlete” and could “copulate for England” if there were that sort of competition. That kind of boasting usually means that there is overcompensation for insecurity, and implies that those in the upper-class may be posers. Milo tries to knock him down a sexual notch by implying at his age Andrew can only do “sprints” and not “the long-distance stuff.” As they play pool, Andrew says he wants to make sure that his wife will not return demanding more compensation if she tired of Milo’s inability to support her expensive ways. He says she might not be satisfied with only a bit of hair styling (noting Milo’s lower-class income) before she bolts. He then says that his wife will not settle for “dago red” wine. He says he means no offense, but he does, denigrating Milo’s foreign heritage. Milo admits that he has told Marguerite that they spend too much, but she ignores the problem, so Andrew has Milo’s attention. Andrew then says that the money aspect is why he has invited Milo and here is where he says, “the plot thickens.” He says it with an exaggerated Italian accent, another slight aimed at Milo. And, yes, here is where the story mixes in more ingredients.

 

Andrew, after handily beating Milo at pool, talks about how he has been “emasculated” and “castrated” by taxation. These words gain added significance later and here act as a foreshadowing. He put a large amount of money into jewelry instead of cash in a bank which would have reported his assets to the government. And, the gems are insured. He wants Milo to steal the jewelry. He says they are in a safe in his study where they now stand and asks where Milo thinks it is. Andrew is playing another game through which he wants to show his superiority. But Milo foils that gambit. He realizes that Andrew loves games of competition, and the only game in the room is a dart board. He picks up a dart and scores a bullseye, opening the safe. Andrew, having been defeated, makes a snide comment about Milo’s lower-class status by saying, “There are certain skills best acquired in public bars, I suppose.” 

 

When Milo uses the word “nick” before switching to “steal,” Andrew winces at the vernacular language, showing how anything associated with someone below his social rank pains him. Andrew has worked out all the details that will allow Milo to sell the stolen goods abroad without detection. Milo hasn’t read any of Andrew’s books and doesn’t know the name of his protagonist, which infuriates Andrew, who describes how his creation, and thus, himself, knows more than any policeman. Milo does know the type of story where cops appear stupid, but he scores a point when he notes that is fiction, not fact. He also asks Andrew why he doesn’t stage a break-in, sell the jewels himself, and give Milo the cash. Andrew says he doesn’t have the youth and agility to make the theft appear authentic. We have a sort of chess game, where each player makes moves and countermoves. Olivier shows his ability with language as he uses an American gangster accent and shortly afterwards a Charlie Chan impersonation (a now unacceptable Asian stereotype) to sell his plan. 


 

Andrew insists Milo must be disguised despite the remote setting in case there is someone passing by. And, he argues, there should not be a way of leaving evidence of his footprints or clothes that would lead the authorities back to Milo. (There doesn’t seem to be much concern about Milo already leaving fingerprints inside the house, which is odd). Down in the basement of the house is Andrew’s chest of costumes, and Andrew continues to grandstand about his stories. He mentions a recurring character, a policeman named Inspector Plodder, an obviously negative name, which will resurface later. At first Milo is impatient as Andrew assumes different characters with various costumes, but then he joins in, putting on a dress and suggesting he commit the crime in drag. He improvises dialogue with Andrew who is dressed, appropriately, like a snuff-sniffing aristocrat from England’s history. The number of characters these two assume along with the various sized dolls help the audience forget that it’s just the two of them carrying the action. Milo is thrilled to find a clown outfit, but when Andrew calls him “the complete clown,” we know that he is trying to humiliate Milo. (The director, Joseph L. Mankiewicz, uses camera angles to eliminate the claustrophobia that might arise from shooting within a house. Here, he has the camera point through a barred window and Andrew and Milo look like figures in one of Andrew’s dioramas, suggesting that the two of them are characters in a murder mystery). 



 

Andrew gives him tools to cut the glass in the window and open the safe to make it look like a real burglary. While Milo uses a ladder to climb into the upstairs window Andrew takes Milo’s clothes and mysteriously locks them in a wardrobe. Milo falls down the ladder once, and as he enters the house Andrew observes “Somehow I thought you’d be better than that at climbing ladders.” He is referring to Milo’s attempt to raise himself out of his working-class position by going after Andrew’s wife. Andrew says that Milo must mess up the place a bit looking for the safe. But, he heads straight for his wife’s bedroom which has a turnstile in which one must deposit money to enter, which paints Marguerite as a sort of prostitute who dispenses sex if paid. Andrew wants Marguerite’s clothes ripped apart, and this scene seems more like Andrew venting his rage at his unfaithful wife than faking a break-in. Milo looks on with an insightful face and then wants to go to Andrew’s bedroom as he feels it’s his turn at playing the ransacking game. But Andrew says since they are supposed to be looking for women’s jewelry, he should be looking for a safe. They go to the study and Andrew rigs a charge that blows off the front of the safe, and Milo pockets the goods. He reminisces how his poor father struggled so his son could become an “Anglo-Saxon.” Milo almost snarls as he says the words in contempt since he obviously believes he was short-changed for the sacrifice.


 Andrew throws a curve here, saying the next part of the plot has the homeowner awakened by the detonation. He then “surprises the burglar” which is followed by the two getting into a fight. Andrew can then tell the cops it wasn’t Milo who was the intruder. As part of simulating a burglary, Milo enjoys throwing in the air Andrew’s latest manuscript and messing up a puzzle he was working on. Then the fight must take place, and Andrew surprises Milo with punches to the face and stomach, which angers Milo. But Andrew says Milo must now hurt Andrew, and Milo is thrilled to inflict an injury. It’s sort of a proletariat's delight for him. Milo would like to use a fireplace poker, but he seems too eager for Andrew’s liking. He suggests instead that he be tied up, but Milo rightly asks how would he get him in that position? Andrew says he can hold a gun on him. He pulls out his pistol and shoots a vase Milo holds and then a photo of Marguerite, pretending he aimed for something else. But Milo knows he hit his target. 


 Andrew then aims at Milo saying it’s always open season on seducers and wife-stealers. Andrew then uses that derogatory Italian accent again, saying he's “a-gonna killa” Milo. Andrew now says the real game he’s playing is “you’re going to die, and no one will suspect murder.” He says it’s all been staged to make it look as if Milo broke in to steal Marguerite’s jewels and Milo killed him defending his home. He says even Marguerite will think Milo was just a gold digger. Andrew tells Milo he’ll give him a chance to make a run for it, but Andrew hid his clothes while taking the key to his car (which the camera shows has his initials “M.T.” on the door, and, of course, that is important later). 


 Milo is frightened and desperate now as Andrew mentally tortures him about how his body will be found as he playfully enacts how he and the local police will discuss the crime scene. Andrew temporarily looks for a golf club to beat Milo and returns, preventing Milo from making a phone call for help. Andrew tells Milo to go up the stairs to make it look like he was heading for the ladder. Andrew likens it to an execution carried out by the ruling class, saying Milo “mounts the steps to the scaffold.” Milo is sobbing now, pleading for his life. He asks why would he want to kill him? Andrew says he hates him, and his xenophobia is evident here as he says he despises Milo being a “blue-eyed wop, and not one of me,” and someone “who doesn’t know his place.” Milo rallies by saying that the fact that his wife doesn’t love him anymore and that there will be other lovers after him is what Andrew can’t tolerate. Milo is basically saying that Andrew can’t stand being usurped by those he considers to be his inferiors. Andrew’s contemptuous, haughty, bigoted summation is, “Finally, at your moment of dying, you are yourself - a sniveling, dago clown.” Andrew fires the gun, and Milo topples down the stairs, followed by Andrew taking Milo’s pulse.


 That is the conclusion of the first act, or the initial game. The next game now begins. The house has the many toys turned on simultaneously, and the cacophony is jarring, possibly reflecting a deranged mind. Andrew joins in on this noisy celebration by dancing, as if he is relishing his victory over Milo. Outside, footsteps sound in counterpoint to the festivities inside. The man outside rings the house doorbell, spoiling Andrew’s aristocratic lunch consisting of caviar. The man is Inspector Doppler (which the movie’s titles says is played by Alec Cawthorne). The character’s name should remind one of the word “doppelganger” which means a “double,” or an alter ego. Hint, hint. Andrew sees him as similar to his dull-minded Inspector Plodder, only this guy turns out to be much smarter. He is tall and large with a mustache, large nose, receding hairline, and wears bargain-basement clothes consisting of an overcoat, sweater-vest and scarf, and he speaks with a deep voice. Doppler fits Andrew’s condescending stereotype of an unintelligent cop when he tries the caviar and doesn’t like it, supposedly showing ignorance by saying it tastes like fish eggs. Doppler notes the large collection of “toys,” but Andrew corrects him by calling them by the snobby term “automata.” 

 

Doppler says he is investigating the disappearance of Milo, who a local bartender said was headed to Andrew’s house two night’s prior. Andrew implies those in bars are not reliable witnesses because of being steeped in an alcoholic atmosphere. Andrew tries throwing the word “vinous” over Doppler’s head, but Doppler catches the reference to wine. Doppler looks at the wall and there is a hole in it that could have been caused by a bullet. He tells Andrew that a person passing by said he heard gunshots coming from the manor. Doppler plays with one of Andrew’s “automata,” which is a clown doing gymnastics. This activity leads us to think of Milo dressed as a clown. Another clue. Doppler says they couldn’t contact Milo but at his cottage they found Andrew’s note asking Milo to visit him, confirming the bartender's information. (IMDb notes that the picture of Marguerite that Andrew shot has been replaced by a photograph of renowned mystery writer Agatha Christie). 

 

Andrew says that he and Milo played a burglary game, but Doppler is not approving of the supposed playfulness of the activity. Andrew says that Milo was there for ninety minutes and left, but Doppler points out that nobody has seen the man since. Andrew belittles Doppler’s investigative technique by comparing it to the stock detective character in mystery books. But Doppler nobly confirms that he is just “doing his job,” which supposedly aristocrats don’t really appreciate. Doppler learned of Milo’s association with Marguerite, and Doppler points out that Andrew had the “means,” “motive” and “opportunity” to do away with Milo. 

 

As he leads Doppler to the cellar, Andrew admits that he wouldn’t accept having his wife taken from him by the likes of a lower-class phony Englishman such as Milo. And Andrew admits that playing his sort of games is his whole life. Doppler repeats what was noted earlier that Andrew’s preoccupation with game-playing “sounds a bit sad to me, sir. Like a child not growing up.” Andrew defends his activities by boasting that his games are so complex “that Jung and Einstein would have been proud to have been asked to participate in them.” Andrew’s grandiosity is in full bloom here, comparing himself to great historical minds, maybe even saying he ranks above them since they would be grateful to join him if he deemed to ask them. Andrew makes the argument that “sex is the game. Marriage is the penalty,” so he wasn’t upset about ending his marriage. But not, it seems, as he said earlier, to a less noble Englishman. 

 

Andrew changes an old saying when he pronounces, “The shortest way to a man’s heart is through humiliation.” The game he played with Milo was a test of the strength of his character. Andrew now retells what happened concerning the story about stealing the jewels to keep Marguerite at the level of luxury she was used to. He says that he eventually convinced Milo that he would kill him as an invading burglar. Milo crumbled, showing he failed the aristocratic test. Andrew shot him with a blank, which we can assume was substituted when Andrew went to obtain his golf club. Andrew said Milo then fainted. Doppler is horrified to think Andrew held a gun to the man’s head as part of “a game.” Andrew falls back behind his aristocratic barricades, claiming that his game showed that one can’t assume an elevated status, that “the quality that breeding brings cannot be acquired.” He implies upper-class entitlement is an inherited right based on superior genetics. 

 

Doppler is not willing to accept Andrew’s making light of the situation because Milo is still missing, and suggests a possible assault charge against Andrew at the least. Doppler points out the two bullet holes, which Andrew says were just the set-up to convince Milo he was serious. Doppler checks out where Milo kneeled on the stairs when the shot was fired and he finds some dried blood there and on the carpet, which Andrew can’t explain. Doppler says he saw no clown costume in the trunk that Andrew said Milo wore, and he points out that there is a fresh mound of dirt in the garden, which could be where a body is buried. After inspecting the grounds, as they go back into the house, there is a camera shot of the red sports car with “M.T.” on the door hidden behind some bushes. The audience could be wondering if that is where Andrew hid Milo’s car. But wouldn’t he be foolish to leave evidence sitting about?


 Doppler finds Milo’s clothes with his initials on them in the bottom of the wardrobe in Andrew’s room, which is where Andrew tossed them. But he says Milo changed back into his clothes before leaving so he is at a loss as to how they could still be in his bedroom. Doppler says that Andrew may have started out playing a nasty prank on Milo but the third shot turned out to be real. Even if there is no body in the garden it just means he started to bury Milo there and then changed to another place. Doppler is ready to arrest Andrew, who resists. Doppler manhandles him on a downstairs couch. As he holds Andrew and threatens him with at least seven years in prison, he says that he has read several detective stories and the police are not as dumb as portrayed in those books. He then says that he has come to conclude that “the detective story is the normal recreation of noble minds.” Which is exactly the phrase that Andrew said to Milo. Doppler now removes make-up as he explains the meaning of “doppler” which is also almost an anagram for “plodder,” and shows himself to be Milo in disguise. He has used Andrew’s game-playing to reverse the staging of a frame-up to get his version of humiliation revenge on Andrew.

 

Andrew is at first outraged by the deception but then has to concede the charade was well done. Milo laughingly takes a victory lap as he throws his make-up and clothes all over and prefers using Andrew’s bathroom to clean up, in a way usurping the owner’s position of superiority. Andrew pathetically tries to save his uppity face by saying he caught on at the end and was also putting on a performance. Milo says Andrew, despite his saying he can lose gracefully, is incapable of admitting defeat. Andrew rolls back his desire for humiliation and says he tested Milo and found him to be as good a game player as he is. Milo admits that he thought he was really going to die when Andrew pointed the gun at him. Andrew counters by saying that means Milo lived more intensely than he had ever done before. Andrew argues that they came from different places but found themselves on an equal playing field. But Milo isn’t going to pretend that their backgrounds don’t still matter. He says in his world, “there was no time for bright fancies and happy inventions, no stopping for tea. The only game we played was to survive, or go to the wall. If you didn’t win, you didn’t finish. Loser, lose all.” Milo is stressing that Andrew has always had the luxury of playing games that had no real consequences, and were just for amusement. In Milo’s world of poverty-stricken existence, growing up meant the stakes were frighteningly real. 

 

Andrew seems to think that they are even now for exacting revenge on each other. But that is not how Milo sees it. In tense words, Milo says that Andrew frightened him almost to death. He actually thought the button on his jacket, his finger, and the stair railing were the last things he was to see, and the sound of the gun going off was like hearing the sound of his own death. Milo says his performance as Doppler doesn’t settle the score. 

 

Milo angrily yells that his father and grandfather were losers. He doesn’t want a draw with Andrew. He proclaims that now it’s time for the Tindles to start winning and for others to be the losers. We now start the third game of the film, as Milo says he has actually killed someone, and now “it’s a real game and a real murder.” Milo is making Andrew realize the actual consequences that occur in Milo’s world when people take actions. There is no safety net. He says while planting the evidence in and around the house while Andrew was away, Andrew’s mistress Tea showed up. He seduced her and they had sex. He then strangled her and placed her in the temporary grave outside. Milo then relocated her and he says that the police will find her body. He says he alerted the cops and they should arrive in thirty minutes. Milo told the cops that Andrew was obsessed with games about murder and his greatest desire was to “commit an actual, real life murder, hide the body, then leave clues linking” him with the crime, believing that “the poor, simple-minded police would never recognize ‘em for what they were.” Milo adds that he told the police that Tea knew that Andrew thought she was having affairs with other men and threatened to kill her. This plan is a variation on the two versions by each man previously to set up the other person to appear guilty. It also is in sync with the disdainful way Andrew depicted policemen in his novels. 


 Andrew thinks that Milo is bluffing but then he calls a woman named Joyce who verifies that Tea was strangled and the police have already been investigating. Milo now wants to see Andrew as frightened as he was and test him on his proclaimed genius at games-playing. He hid four pieces of evidence, including the murder weapon, in the room which the “plodding” cops will find if Andrew doesn’t. Milo is challenging Andrew to be able to outwit the police as he boasts or risk humiliation. Milo reveals he has familiarity with the objects which shows he was in close contact with Tea (which is spelled the same as “tea,” something Andrew would serve as an upstanding British citizen). Milo then gives cryptic clues which show his intelligence, something Andrew underestimated, as Milo reverses their positions of power. Milo enjoys watching the exasperated Andrew run around looking for the planted evidence. Milo taunts him by repeating the same condescending lines that Andrew used on him as Doppler, and calls Andrew’s sleuth “Merridick,” a derogatory version of “Merridew.” Milo uses evidence and clues associated with Andrew’s position in the ruling class, such as a diamond necklace and a song a rich boy’s nanny would sing, to be his undoing. Milo points out the one time Andrew shows a slight sign of regret about what happened to his mistress. Andrew is so selfish he enjoys having an adrenaline rush playing the game which blots out any feelings of grief. Tea’s shoe is hidden in a coal bin, and Andrew gets blackened looking for the item, appearing like a commoner working in the mines. Milo points out that Andrew is a bigot who only portrayed people of various ethnic backgrounds in derogatory stereotypical ways in his writings. 

 

He discovers the necklace which isn’t incriminating since Tea could have left it there, but Andrew throws the solitary shoe into the furnace. Milo starts chuckling louder and louder, and then moves his arms around mechanically until Andrew realizes he must search his mechanical sailor Jolly Jack Tar, one of his playthings that Milo now uses against Andrew. When the remote button is pressed the doll winks at him, as if signaling a clue, and Andrew finds that Jolly Jack is wearing one of Tea’s eyelashes, which he then burns. Andrew resorts to an Italian slur toward Milo, who becomes angry and then, in retribution, gives him the final clue in Italian, which Andrew, after some struggling, translates to, “All that glitters is not gold.” Andrew is stumped, so Milo plays a little of “Anything Goes” on the piano, which mentions a “glimpse of stocking.” But the almost defeated Andrew practically begs for more help now, showing how Milo is forcing him to grovel. 

 

Milo taunts Andrew as he continues to search by saying he hears the approach of the police, but says he’ll go outside and try to hold them off. Andrew “glimpses” a stocking, the murder weapon, wrapped around the pendulum of his grandfather clock (another of his pricey objects). It also reminds us of Milo’s father’s occupation and implies the working-class is getting its revenge. Andrew flushes the stocking down the toilet, and he cleans himself up for the entrance of the cops, who don’t really exist, another bit of fakery on Milo’s part. 

 

Milo now tells the truth. Tea called while he was staging the trick to play on Andrew. Milo told her of the nasty prank that Andrew played on him and she knew how he enjoyed “inflicting on other people” games of “humiliation.”  Tea was glad to help him get some revenge so she donated her things and Joyce, her flatmate, joined in. Tea also told Milo that she and Andrew hadn’t been together in over a year and that Andrew was “practically impotent.” (Given this bit of information, the gun, the poker, the golf club, the cue stack, the dart, the prophylactically sheathed clock pendulum, and Milo’s distortion of the amateur detective’s name, “Merridick,” all can be seen as phallic references commenting ironically on Andrew’s inability to perform sexually). Andrew looks like he has been tortured, having been dragged off of his self-appointed perch of superiority. 

 

Milo angrily says that he doesn’t play “games of humiliation for sport,” suggesting he has suffered enough degradation in life, so when he plays it’s a more exacting enterprise. He sums up by reversing Andrew’s statement and says his writing is “the normal recreation of snobbish, outdated, life-hating, ignoble minds.” He then goes to get Marguerite’s fur coat, since Andrew’s wife will not be returning. But, one can exact only so much pain before the injured party lashes out. Andrew now verbally writes the story he will tell the police about a burglar (here we go again), stealing his wife’s fur coat. He loads his revolver while saying he shot the intruder, killing him. 

 

Andrew says to Milo he can’t allow him telling anyone about what has happened, especially since it would show he was bested by a “wop” upstart who knows of Andrew’s impotence. Milo says that he actually did go to the cops after Andrew played his first game, but the policeman didn’t seem too interested in a story from a lower-class man stealing an elite man’s wife. But Milo points out that if he were found dead there, it couldn’t appear as the shooting of an unknown criminal. However, there have been so many falsehoods told that Andrew doesn’t believe that Milo went to the police. When one can’t tell the difference between truth and fiction, one tends to believe what one wants to believe. Andrew says Milo dared to take his wife, question his virility, and mock his writing, all of which warrants severe punishment from his lofty social perch. Andrew then shoots Milo.


 But Milo was telling the truth and the police acted upon Milo’s report. They pull up and the police car’s light is flashing. Milo’s dying words are, “Remember, be sure to tell them, it was only a bloody game.” In Andrew’s world the ruling class always outplays the lower class, and losing for him is not an option. But, in this case, Milo has brought Andrew down because of the man’s inability to realize his false superiority. Milo grabs the remote and Jolly Jack Tar laughs as if ridiculing Andrew, and his other mechanical figures seem to jeer at Andrew’s bigoted ignorance. The last shot transforms into one of Andrew’s dioramas, where instead of catching the murderer, Andrew turns into the caught killer. 


The next film is The Grifters.

Monday, April 25, 2016

The Day the Earth Stood Still

SPOILER ALERT! The plot of the movie will be discussed.


Like last week’s film, Invasion of the Body Snatchers, this 1951 film, directed by Robert Wise, stands out from the pack of the science fiction/horror movies of its time by being different in a couple of key ways. In this pre-ET era environment, it shows the alien from another world as a sympathetic character, and earth’s scientists as the world’s possible saviors.

The film opens with a flying saucer floating over Washington, D. C., with the eventual Psycho composer Bernard Herrmann’s eerie vibrating score in the background. The audience sees the impressive buildings and monuments of the American capital, and there may be a feeling of pride in the country’s citizens as they see what the nation has accomplished, ironically, here, in a place built by those from distant lands. However, this feeling of superiority diminishes as the spacecraft lands near the White House. The first response of earth’s government is to roll out the police and the army, with its soldiers and tanks. When the alien visitor, Klaatu (Michael Rennie) emerges, he announces that he comes “in peace and good will.” He opens a small, strange-looking device. A nervous soldier shoots Klaatu in the arm and the device is destroyed. In response, Gort (Lock Martin), a tall robot, emerges from the ship and destroys the military’s weapons with a ray emanating from his helmet-like head, without harming the soldiers. Klaatu orders him to stop and explains that the object he brought was a device to view life on other planets, and was a gift for the President.



The human reaction here is not to respond to the overture for peaceful relations with acceptance and hospitality, but to go on the offensive by giving in to paranoia and assuming the worst will occur. The unknown many times frightens people, and instead of trying to discover its qualities, there is a tendency to respond with fear to the possible threat to the status quo. Here, before even knowing what the alien’s device is, the soldier destroys it. It is significant that the gift was to facilitate the observation of other races, and thus the chance to reveal and understand those different from ourselves. This metaphor can be seen as relevant today, as the response to foreigners is sometimes met with the bigotry that flows from xenophobia. In the movie we hear press announcements as people irrationally begin to panic and give in to hysteria. There is a news statement that the military “has taken every precaution,” which is an inflated prideful attitude, since it is impossible to be prepared for every contingency.
Hubris feeds the human tendency toward being narrow-minded. This inclination is even illustrated among the medical profession in the movie. After Klaatu is taken to the Walter Reed Medical Center, the doctors there find that he has the health of someone in his late thirties by earth’s standards. However, Klaatu informs the doctor that he is in his seventies and life expectancy is a hundred and thirty on his world.  One military doctor asks the other, “How does he explain that?” as he accepts a cigarette from the other. The ignorance of the statement is emphasized, even in 1951, by medical professionals who question how to have good health while they take poison into their bodies.
 Klaatu’s viewpoint is cosmic, while those of the earthlings is selfish. When he breaks out of the hospital, he does so because he wants to find out about humans; he acts to understand why the response to him has been hostile. However, the earth people respond to the unknown with fear and suspicion instead of curiosity and openness. This human reaction is illustrated when Klaatu enters the boardinghouse. The radio is on and the media are adding to the irrational fears of the people. The residents of the house see a man in the shadows of the entry way, and their immediate response is fear. This reaction is the same as the soldiers’ at the beginning of the story, because Klaatu’s face is hidden by a space helmet. Once Klaatu walks into the light, once he is seen, they all relax. Understanding wards off jumping to irrational conclusions. (Klaatu takes on the name of “Carpenter.” Is he trying to build an alliance between his world and this world? Is he, like Jesus, the son of a carpenter, trying to save earth’s people?) When the secretary from the President’s office, Mr. Harley (Frank Conroy) wants the alien to tell him his message meant for all earth’s countries, the government representative sounds self-important. As the rejections from all the world leaders pour in because they are so self-centered as to want the meeting to take place at each ruler’s home country, this human egotistical attitude is amplified. Harley says to Klaatu that he understands his impatience. Observing the pettiness of earth’s governments, the spaceman says, “I am impatient with stupidity. My people have learned to live without it.” To which Harley responds, “I’m afraid my people haven’t.” This exchange stresses how much further the people of this world need to evolve.
That the human race should not be congratulating itself for its advancement is seen elsewhere. Klaatu befriends the son of one of the boardinghouse’s residents, Helen Benson (Patricia Neal). The boy, Bobby (Billy Gray), takes Klaatu to Arlington National Cemetery, where Bobby’s father was buried after being killed in WWII.  Klaatu can’t believe how many people are buried there because of wars. Bobby asks him if it is different where he has been. He says, “They have cemeteries, but not like this one. You see, they don’t have any wars.” Even the young Bobby realizes that far away place’s superiority when he says, “Gee, that’s a good idea.” If only the so-called mature leaders of the planet could be so enlightened. When the two visit the spaceship, the news reporter there only seeks responses from the crowd that foster self-centered fear engendered by ignorance. When he comes to Klaatu, he says, “I suppose you are just as scared as the rest of us.” He responds by trying to shed light on the situation by saying, “In a different way, perhaps. I am fearful when I see people substituting fear for reason.” At that point, the reporter cuts him off, and in a sense, stops knowledge from being disseminated. The same act occurs when Klaatu tries to explain space flight to Bobby, and others in the crowd laugh at the complicated discussion, assuming anything they don’t comprehend is bogus. At the boardinghouse, the news on the radio automatically assumes the spaceman is a “monster,” who must be destroyed. They also assume that he must be from a nearby planet, like Mars, because they do not allow themselves to expand their scope of understanding to entertain the possibility that he may come from much farther away. Again, this lack of allowing for other possibilities is a metaphor for short-sightedness versus cosmic vision. One occupant, Mrs. Barley (Frances Bavier), annunciates the overblown fear of the Communist Red Menace of the 1950’s (and which is implied in Invasion of the Body Snatchers), when she announces that the person from the spaceship “came from right here on earth. And you know where I mean.”
There are those who comprehend the importance of this extraterrestrial visit. One of them is the eminent scientist, Professor Barnhardt (Sam Jaffe). Klaatu visits his home while the scientist is away and helps him complete an involved mathematical equation by writing on the blackboard in the man’s study. The two are brought together because of science, the pursuit of knowledge. The scientist’s response is not to assume he already has the answers to an unknown situation, as do the hysterical press and masses. Barnhardt says “curiosity makes good science.” And, thus, he says he has thousands of questions. Knowledge opens the mind to possibilities; ignorance closes the door. It is significant that the housekeeper is ready to erase Klaatu’s notations until he stops her; again, we see the fear of anything new upsetting our mental apple cart. Here, as in Invasion, the scientists offer hope, not the horror of their discoveries gone wrong as in other films of the genre. But, it may be that the scientists must now atone for bringing on the possibility of nuclear devastation. 

Klaatu, again with the cosmic view, says to Barnhardt, that we are celestial neighbors, and if this planet’s violent ways become a threat to those living in outer space, then the threat must be eliminated. Of course, the use of the word “neighbor” brings the discussion down to earth. Since all of us here on this world, in a sense, are neighbors, we must stop being a threat to each other in order to survive. Barnhardt proposes that Klaatu’s message be delivered to the great scientists of the world who he hopes can persuade their respective nations to open their minds, and listen. He knows that it will be difficult to get through the threshold of resistance, so he asks the alien to dramatize the importance of his message with a demonstration of the power the nations of the world are facing if they do not comply with stopping the use of nuclear energy for destructive purposes. Klaatu neutralizes the electricity all around the world to show what power the people are up against, but this making the earth stand still is merciful, since it does not affect airplanes in flight, or hospitals. 
Another person we see who has an open mind is Bobby’s mother, Helen. Early on she says that it’s possible that the spaceman may be a good person. However, her boyfriend, Tom (Hugh Marlowe), only thinks of himself. He wants to ditch Bobby when it does not appear there will be a sitter to watch over the boy. He becomes jealous of the newly arrived Mr. Carpenter’s association with Helen. When Bobby tells his mother and Tom that he followed Klaatu to the spaceship, and saw him activate Gort and enter the craft, Tom is suspicious. He finds out that the diamonds the alien gave Bobby were “not of this earth.” Klaatu finds out about Bobby’s tailing him, and, trapped in an electrical-neutralized elevator, explains to Helen who he is and what his mission entails. Helen tries to stop Tom from contacting the Pentagon. But, she is too late. She says how Tom’s actions are going to affect the rest of the world. His selfish, response is, “I don’t care about the rest of the world.” And then he says how she’ll feel different about him when he is seen as a hero and, “when you read about me in the papers.” The movie argues that it is this small-minded thinking that got the earth in the dangerous position it is in.

Helen warns Klaatu, but on the way to find protection at Dr. Barnhardt’s home, he is shot and killed. He told Helen to give Gort a command so he will not destroy the earth. She confronts the robot, and, after she overcomes her initial irrational fear, she says the famous lines that prevent Gort’s attack from occurring: “Gort! Klaatu barata, Nikto.” Gort retrieves Klaatu’s body and resuscitates it. The spaceman announces to the gathered scientists in front of the spacecraft that the universe grows smaller every day and that “there must be security for all, or no one is secure.” The peoples of the other planets agreed that there must be laws and policemen to guarantee that security. Robots like Gort have total authority to eliminate those who threaten the peace. There is freedom, except the freedom to act irresponsibly. They no longer have armies or wars. Klaatu says that they have not achieved perfection, but have a system that works.
 We of the present time may be suspicious of giving absolute authority to machines, and there are many films that warn against this abdication (the Terminator and the Matrix movies, among others). But, the argument against the catastrophic consequences of narrow-minded, self-centered fear makes this film timeless.

The next film is The Spy Who Came in from the Cold.