SPOILER
ALERT! The plot will be discussed.
As
the title implies, Frost/Nixon (which
was nominated for a Best Picture Oscar) suggests
a prize fight between two boxers. However, the movie deals with a verbal
battle. The film tells the story surrounding televised interviews between two
seemingly very different opponents who, nevertheless, are alike in having
difficulty dealing with the reality of their situations. This Ron Howard
directed film resonates with today’s political climate because it deals with
the issue of whether a U. S. President is above the law by nature of his
office.
The
movie starts by playing back some of the White House tapes that implicated
President Richard M. Nixon in the cover-up of the Watergate break-in of the
Democratic Party campaign office. The words heard show Nixon to be vindictive,
talking about wanting to kick out someone’s teeth, and calling what he considered
his enemies “sons of bitches.” The tapes note him “Wanting to hang that Kennedy
clan.” There is footage of the Watergate news coverage which shows people
attached to Nixon’s campaign being found guilty of crimes. Nixon also had an
enemies hit list of journalists who he saw as being against him and who he
planned to target politically. Testimony indicated that there was wiretapping
of news people. In front of Congress a lawyer states, “The misuse of power is
the very essence of tyranny.” Even though the White House refused to turn over
the recordings that showed Nixon’s involvement, the Supreme Court, in a
nonpartisan, unanimous decision concluded that President Nixon had to supply
the evidence. The judicial decision was symbolic in showing that the country
should be united when there is a threat to its democracy. Impeachment was
imminent.
The
film then transitions from actual news coverage to its take on the events by
inserting Frank Langella (recreating his stage performance, and getting a Best
Actor Oscar nomination) as Nixon. He is first seen informing the nation that he
is resigning the presidency in 1974. An angry and disappointed Jack Brennan
(Kevin Bacon), Nixon’s Chief of Staff, stands by as Nixon addresses the
country. There are quick comments supplied in interviews throughout the movie,
which give the film a documentary feel, provide information, and which reveal
the characters’ personalities. These interviews mirror the main event exchanges
between Frost and Nixon, and initiate dramatizations of events. Those who
worked with Frost are Bob Zelnick (Oliver Platt), who was Bureau Chief of ABC
News, James Reston, Jr. (Sam Rockwell), a political writer, and John Birt
(Matthew Macfadyen), a program director for London Weekend Television. Reston says
there was no satisfaction from the resignation, only anger because Nixon gave
no apology when leaving office. Zelnick says, in retrospect, that it seemed
unlikely that Frost would be the one to actually get that satisfaction of
exposing Nixon’s thought processes, since Frost had no political convictions,
and probably never voted. (Frost did host the excellent TV show “That Was the
Week That Was,” which was a biting political satire). But, Zelnick says, Frost
had the advantage of understanding television, which means Frost knew the power
of its impact. Just as in Howard’s Apollo
13, we know the ending beforehand, but Howard is able to sustain interest
through his dramatization of the incremental parts of the story leading up to
its conclusion.
The
first view of Frost (Michael Sheen) shows him to be a superficial celebrity. He is on TV in
Australia, talking about the theft of some sausages, and making a silly joke
about the felons escaping in a “long, thin getaway car.” This frivolous
broadcast is followed by Brennan, at a later time, being condescending toward
Frost, saying that the Nixon camp knew little of him, other than he had a
reputation as a playboy. He concedes that the man had a talk show in the U.S.,
and “had won some awards.” Brennan then says dismissively that Frost’s show was
dropped and he relocated to Australia. In fact, Frost had done some in-depth,
ninety-minute episodes that showed he knew how to interview celebrities. But
the film, and the play on which it was based, wanted to show, as movie producer
Brian Grazer said, a David versus Goliath story.
Frost
observes Nixon on television as he leaves the White House after his
resignation, smiling and flashing his double victory sign with his hands (which
was out of touch with the era since the youth had adapted the gesture to mean
“peace”). Frost sees that there is a moment which reveals an angry scowl on
Nixon’s face after the smiling as he went into the helicopter, which suggests
the other side of the man. Frost, showing his insight into the power of mass media,
notes the resignation speech was broadcast at a time that was too early for
those to witness it on the West Coast of America. His comment implies that
Nixon missed an opportunity to reach more people and make more of an impact
with his exit. Frost, assessing the magnitude of Nixon’s leaving the White
House, asks for viewing numbers concerning the broadcast, as he is curious as
to how well it played as a TV programming event.
Brennan
recounts that he observed Nixon’s face as the man flew away while a “liberal
America cheered, gloated. Hippies, draft dodgers, dilettantes, the same people
who’d spit on me when I got back from Vietnam.” Brennan provides an insight
into how many soldiers, caught up in the very unpopular and pointless war in
Vietnam, were unjustly blamed for the government’s tragic military mistakes.
But, his experiences, and those of Nixon’s, who had a paranoid personality,
limited their ability to see that the war was denounced by an overwhelming
majority of the nation, not just those lumped under what Brennan considered
derogatory labels.
Frost
approaches TV programmer Birt after contacting Nixon’s people about a
retrospective style interview with Nixon. Birt pushes for getting a confession
out of the former president, and Frost acts like he will get that, too, but he
seems to just say that so he can get a network to sign up for the gig.
Meanwhile, President Gerald Ford grants Nixon, who was not even subjected to a
trial, “a full, free and absolute pardon … for all offenses against the United
States.” Ford felt the negativity of the impact of legally punishing Nixon
outweighed holding him accountable for his actions, and decided that he would
nip any prosecution in the bud. The polls said they disapproved of the pardon
by a two to one margin, but somehow nobody challenged whether President Ford
was able to issue a pardon without a person being first tried and convicted.
Irving
“Swifty” Lazar (Toby Jones), Nixon’s literary agent, visits the ex-president,
who is working on a book. Nixon had a phlebitis attack and is in a wheelchair,
saying that the “unhappiest people of the world are retired.” He said in his
resignation speech that leaving office went against everything in his nature,
showing he was not a quitter, and he still has no desire to be on the political
sidelines. He says one needs a challenge or purpose in life. He states he
wanted to testify in a Watergate trial, but his health prevented it. In Nixon’s
mind, being so self-righteous, he didn’t see that he did anything wrong. He wants
to do the book to set the record straight, but he is obviously very pleased
that Lazar convinced the publishers to advance 2.3 million dollars. Nixon was
not one of the very rich politicians and money was important to him. Frost had
already proposed doing the interviews, which were originally rejected by Nixon.
Lazar tells him that he wouldn’t get grilled by Frost the way Mike Wallace of
CBS might go after him. Lazar adds enticement by saying there might be more
cash and better ground rules with Frost, which now draws interest from Nixon.
Frost
was doing a pure entertainment program about escape artists, along with other
shows. This information implies that for Frost, doing a show about Nixon isn’t
that much different, since the former chief executive escaped prosecution.
Lazar tells Nixon he was offered an unprecedented half a million dollars for
the interviews. The agent assures Nixon that Frost will be so grateful for
landing Nixon, “he’ll pitch puffballs all night.” Nixon, seeing how much he can
cash in on his own infamy, asks for another fifty grand, and Lazar actually is
able to up it another hundred thousand dollars. Nixon is shown as being
unashamedly mercenary, because he felt that if he couldn’t get the respect of
others, he would at least get their money.
Birt
tells Frost that making Nixon richer when the American people are angry with
the former chief executive is not going to make Frost popular. And, the
competing networks will call it “checkbook journalism,” which they probably see
as setting a bad precedent that would inhibit the free flow of information by
having to pay for it. Frost is already doing well financially, but he is like
Nixon, by being ambitious and wanting to increase his sphere of influence.
Frost admits to Birt that he experienced what success is like in America, and
describes it like a very intoxicating high. He says once it is gone, there is
“the sickening thought that it may never come back.” He is confessing to being
a fame junkie.
Frost
meets a beautiful woman named Caroline Cushing (Rebecca Hall) on the plane to
California to meet Nixon. He immediately begins to flirt with her. She
recognizes him, says she heard an interview he gave on the phone from his Rolls
Royce (this era is way before cell phones, so it was a big deal to have a car
phone). He corrects her by saying he was in his Bentley, making sure she
precisely identifies his level of wealth. She says that the perception of Frost
as expressed by the radio newsman was that he “defined the age we live in,”
along with hairdresser Vidal Sassoon. So, the implication is that Frost
reflected a world that was only interested in superficiality, such as the
appearance of a hairstyle. Caroline reports that the conclusion of the program
was that Frost achieved fame “without possessing any discernible quality.” The
point of the movie is that possibly all of this lack of respect for what he
accomplished may have pushed Frost to be more aggressive in his interview with
Nixon. She says there was another statement that he flies around a lot, which
he concedes is true. He says he likes to keep busy because it is “more
interesting than keeping still.” This statement shows how he is like Nixon, who
said retired people were unhappy. Frost divulges that he is going to meet
Nixon, possibly to impress her with the fact that he is doing something
important. To show that he would like to win her over, he offers to have her
come along and meet the ex-president.
Caroline
says in an interview that Frost made everything seem fine on the outside, but
he was not getting any offers from the networks. Their executives said they
didn’t pay for interviews, thought that Frost was a good entertainer, but they
didn’t have a policy of paying an entertainer to do a news story. Caroline says
that Frost was not one who could accept failure. Frost and Caroline visit
Nixon. The former president immediately and slyly uses Caroline to do a tour of
his home which includes items which show memorable historic events, like
meeting the Russian leader Leonid Brezhnev. He is trying to awe the visitors by
telling interesting anecdotes to show his intimacy with world leaders and
divert them by telling amusing stories. Nixon says, “I wouldn’t want to be a
Russian leader. They never know when they’re being taped.” If he is trying to
be funny, he doesn’t show it and it may indicate that he is incapable of facing
his own situation. His ironic statement also defeats his trying to make a
distinction between a tyrannical Russia and a democratic United States. While
Frost is a delighted visitor, he exchanges glances with Brennan who is not
smiling, and Frost can see that the Nixon aid sees Frost as a threat.
On
the way out, Nixon says he was never invited to a duel, and Frost wants to
reassure him that his interview will not be that adversarial. Instead of
accepting that concession, Nixon is provocative by saying that it will be
confrontational and there should be “no holds barred.” He says he likes it that
way. He enjoys the battle, but he probably feels that Frost is too easy an opponent.
Nixon wants his victory to be earned, so he tries to prod Frost into being more
combative. Lazar makes sure that his client gets his upfront money of $200,000.
He starts to tell Frost to make it out to him, as the go-between, but Nixon
interrupts and says make it out to himself instead, eager to get the cash.
Nixon says he hopes that the money isn’t coming out of Frost’s own funds, and
Frost is not forthcoming by saying he doesn’t have deep pockets. Nixon reveals
his cold, calculating personality when he says that Frost should marry
Caroline, not because, as Frost says, she is “lovely,” but because she lives in
Monaco where there are no taxes.
Afterwards,
Nixon, who noted that Frost used a personal check, correctly says to Brennan he
bets that Frost used his own money to pay him. Brennan is aware of the networks
balking at airing the program. Nixon is condescendingly funny saying if he knew
Frost was taking a two hundred grand hit he would have offered the Britisher
some tea. The joke about offering only the beverage shows Nixon would not have
felt any sympathy for Frost, since he would have enjoyed ripping him off. Nixon
comments on Frost’s expensive, laceless Italian shoes, saying his staff
couldn’t get those for him. Brennan is there to always bolster his boss, and
says the shoes are effeminate. Nixon agrees with Brennan, since his aid’s
comment justifies Nixon being deprived of the extravagant footwear. In the
movie, Nixon is always keeping score, wanting to rack up more points than
anyone else.
After
all the major television networks give Frost a final thumbs down, he decides to
pay for the show and syndicate it. It’s 1976 and he meets for the first time
with Reston and Zelnick. Reston, who wrote a book on Nixon’s abuse of power, is
not satisfied with Frost’s idea of success being just landing Nixon for a TV
program. He will be giving up possibly a whole year on the project, and he
wants to give Nixon the trial that he never had. Frost says that there will be
tough questions, but wonders whether being too aggressive would just generate
sympathy for the man. Frost at this point is only concerned with scoring TV
ratings points, not doing a historical takedown. Reston doesn’t see how anyone
can feel sadness for Nixon since he sent many soldiers to die, “devalued” the
presidency, and left the country “in trauma.” He says that if Frost’s show
allows Nixon to exonerate himself, “that would be the worst crime of all.”
Reston says many consider Frost’s project a joke, which again stresses the
general impression that Frost is fighting out of his journalistic weight class.
Birt
admits that Mike Wallace is doing a TV segment that Frost assumes will be about
how inadequate he is to take on Nixon. Frost acknowledges that he is feeling a
bit insulted by Wallace doing such a critical piece on him. Even though Birt
advises getting rid of Reston, to his credit, Frost says he likes the man’s
passion and realizes that it might benefit Frost to be pushed out of his
comfort zone. Nixon and now Reston want Frost to up his game, and Frost is
starting to value the project more seriously.
Nixon
is upset that he has to be a speaker at events telling “banal anecdotes” which
are supposed to be humorous, but are really boring, about his time in office.
The Q&A that followed one such outing included some inquiries about
Watergate, which Nixon thought he prohibited. Nixon is upset that Watergate
eclipses everything else he did. Of course, he doesn’t acknowledge the enormous
impact that results from a criminal act and a breach of the whole country’s
confidence committed by the President. Brennan, trying to help his boss be more
positive, informs him that Frost acquired the money to do the show. Nixon sees
it as his chance to vindicate himself since only 25% of the show is to be dedicated
to the issue of the Watergate incident. Nixon comes off admirably in not
wanting pity for his early difficult life which involved the death of his two
brothers and a neglectful father. Brennan says if Nixon can rebuild his
reputation he will be able to move back east, which is where Nixon wants to go
because that is where “the action” is. He admits that he still has the “hunger”
to be an actor on the public stage. He is in denial about how much he has
damaged the democracy, and unfortunately, he has Brennan, although a loyal
supporter, just enabling Nixon’s desire not to take responsibility for his
negative actions. He says he wants to know more about Frost’s strategy and
suggests maybe he should get in touch with some Cubans who were trained by the
CIA to get the information. Brennan looks worried, and Nixon scoffs at him,
saying it was just a joke, and it is a good one, although on the dark side.
In
January, 1977 Frost’s team moves into the Beverly Hills Hilton and starts to do
research. Frost seems unaware of the roles of former top White House officials
John Ehrlichman and Bob Haldeman. His staff did most of the work and they
didn’t see much of Frost, which shows he, also, is still not accepting the
historical importance of the interview. The team wants to hammer at Nixon’s
giving a stamp of approval to dirty tricks, including illegal wiretapping of
individuals and opening their mail, breaking and entering, slush funds, etc.
Reston questions the overreaching power of the presidency by wanting to ask the
question, “How far do you take executive privilege before it becomes an
undemocratic event?” Zelnick is pretty funny playing Nixon in the mock
interview rehearsals, actually making good points about the power of a person
who knows how to work the mass media. Zelnick, in his parody impersonation of
the ex-president, shows insight into Nixon’s personality by saying how he would
say that John Kennedy was handsome and had a charming personality, but was
promiscuous, and that the Kennedy family participated in shady election
practices. Yet, he says, the public loved Kennedy, but not sweaty Nixon. This
comment points to how television makes how one looks and sounds more important
than what one stands for.
Frost
downplays Reston’s request to do further research in Washington, D. C., saying
that they will accomplish their goals without it. Brennan calls Frost and says
that anything negative about Nixon must only be covered in the 25% segment
dedicated to Watergate. Frost finally plays hardball, and says that was not
part of the agreement, and threatens a twenty-million-dollar lawsuit. He says
that Nixon doesn’t get to “drone” on for 75% of the program about how
“presidential” he was. Brennan is outraged by the lack of respect from Frost,
and says that 60% of the time Nixon did what was right, and 30% he may have
been wrong but thought he was right. Frost rightly counters that 10% of the
time Nixon knew what he was doing was wrong and did it anyway. Brennan ends
with a general disgust for the media and says he will make Frost pay for an
attack against Nixon. His attitude is in tune with what caused Nixon trouble in
his career, that is, not abiding any criticism and designating anyone who
criticized him as a person to be targeted as an enemy.
Frost
does not share how he stood up to Brennan with the others who still question
his ability to take on Nixon. He probably didn’t want them to feel the pressure
exerted by Brennan on their enterprise. He goes off with Caroline to a movie premiere
of a film he produced the night before the start of the Nixon interviews. Birt
tries to reassure Reston and Zelnick, but actually produces the opposite
effect, by saying that Frost is a top-notch performer and will do a terrific
job. After Birt leaves, the other two are upset by the word “performer” as
opposed to “interviewer” or “journalist,” which shows how they want the program
to be a news event as opposed to a diverting ratings blockbuster.
In
contrast to the glitzy escapism exhibited at Frost’s movie premier, Nixon is
working diligently with his team preparing for the next day’s interview. They
do look at the TV as Frost steps out in front of the theater. Someone asks
Frost if he is the right person to deal with Nixon’s resistance to probing
questions. Frost says that he expects a “cascade of candor.” The reporter asks
if Frost really expects that, and Frost says no, but he shows his understanding
of the media by saying he used the phrase because the press would find it
catchy. Nixon ponders what kind of fellow Frost is, and one person says he
almost married the singer Diahann Carroll. When Nixon remembers she is African
American, he utters a snort of disgust, revealing, at least in this film, a
bigoted attitude.
It
is March 23, 1977, the first interview day. Both men receive good luck kisses
before the battle from their respective significant others, but Pat Nixon
(Patty McCormack), has a look of concern for her already beleaguered husband.
Frost wants to grab the audience’s attention by starting out by asking why
Nixon did not burn the tapes. Zelnick says that it’s too risky because it would
violate the agreement to relegate the talk of Watergate to the last interview.
Also, Nixon could walk, and then sue. Reston says he did four books on Nixon,
but never met the man. This fact may help with objectivity, but it also
possibly prevented him from really getting a firsthand look at what kind of man
Nixon is. Zelnick asks if Reston will shake Nixon’s hand when introduced, and
he says of course not. But, when offered a handshake, the laws of manners, and
the fact that Nixon was the President, compel Reston to shake his hand, and
address him as “Mr. President,” Zelnick quickly makes fun of Reston’s inability
to stand up to the man in person as opposed to his challenges at a safe distance
in print.
Before
the first session, Frost is cordial, saying how pleased he was that Mrs.
Nixon’s health was improving. Nixon on the other hand shows his lack of social
finesse by asking how much it cost to get the program produced, and wonders if
it was all paid for. Frost says not all of it, since some were deferring their
fees. But Nixon, showing how he believes he has the upper hand, says he knows
of one who was not, meaning he wasn’t giving Frost an extension on getting
paid. Nixon wants to make sure he will keep a handkerchief where it will not be
seen to wipe his lip between questions, since his infamous wet upper lip in the
TV debate with Kennedy cost him the presidency according to some. He is
accurate in saying that those who heard the debate on the radio thought Nixon
had won the verbal contest, which shows how powerful visual appearance is in
the media. Nixon shows he understands that TV images create “their own
meaning,” which can alter reality as compared to how average people perceive it.
In a sense, Nixon is seeing that same contest with Kennedy playing out again,
as he must confront a television personality who knows how to play to the
camera. Nixon points out that Frost was “born to be on the tube” since he does
not have to trim his eyebrows, has nice skin, and doesn't perspire. Nixon shows
his lack of tact by commenting directly to Frost about those Italian laceless
shoes, asking if he thinks they are effeminate, and condescendingly says that
in his field, Frost can get away with wearing them, and thus appearing unmanly.
Frost
does open with the question about burning the tapes, but instead of storming
off, Nixon calmly comments that the question should have been left for the last
interview, but since Frost said that it is what the audience wants to know,
Nixon says he will address it. He does so by dissipating the question’s impact
by going on about how the taping system was implemented by Johnson, and Nixon
wanted it dismantled but it would have been a big project. It was meant to accurately
keep a record of all presidential discussions. He says once it was known that
the tapes existed they became public knowledge and they couldn’t be tampered
with. In an interview, Brennan makes the overt comparison to a boxing match
where Frost, being the challenger, felt “the impact from the champ’s first
jab,” and realized after the first exchange that his preparation did not
anticipate the ability of his opponent.
After
Nixon evenly, without being rattled, lessens the impact of the question,
Frost’s team wants to regroup and stops recording. In a continuation of
Brennan’s boxing metaphor, Frost and Nixon appear to retire to get advice from,
as director Howard put it, their “corner men.” Birt tells Frost to ask the
former president about the lowest point of his presidency, the night before he
resigned. Brennan provides encouragement to Nixon by telling him that the
former president came off “statesmanlike,” and encourages him to “control the
space,” which sounds like what a fighter might do. After taping resumes, Nixon
downplays rumors about the night in question by referring to other emotional
events in his life and past decisions with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.
He also minimizes reports of him forcing a prayer session with Kissinger by
saying it was a simple request that the two men share a brief, silent moment
praying together. They run out of time as Nixon wins round one by limiting the
number of questions with his extended replies.
Frost
runs out after the session to try to get sponsorship from an outfit that
manufactures a weed destroying product, and later even seems to be losing that
company as a backer. Frost then makes desperate calls to acquire financial
support. Birt tells Zelnick and Reston that they do have a dog food company as a
sponsor, but admits that the “blue chip” investors dropped out because of what
Reston assumes is the lack of faith in the “credibility of the project.” So
they have raised only 30% of the funding, and Frost is paying for most of the
enterprise. Birt urges the other two men to go easy on Frost because he has
more than his reputation at stake. Zelnick makes the point that so do they,
implying that he and Reston have invested a great deal of time and put their
careers on the line to participate in what should be an important political
moment.
Birt,
sounding like a fight manager, tells Frost to keep his distance and don’t be so
social with Nixon before the interviews, which allows the ex-president to
manipulate Frost. He tells Frost to stop Nixon from giving long, “self-serving”
responses by jumping in with more questions, sort of like how a boxer uses
quick jabs to interrupt his opponent’s rhythm. In the next meeting, Nixon seems
to be distracted by the beautiful Caroline, and Brennan tells his fighter to
focus. Frost limits the talk before the taping, but Nixon tries to rattle him,
and also reveals his preoccupation with Caroline, by crudely asking if Frost,
on the prior night, did any “fornicating.”
Frost
questions Nixon about betraying his promise to put an end to the Vietnam War.
Nixon says he inherited a bad situation, and could have won a Nobel Peace Prize
by immediately pulling troops out. But, he believed in the cause upon which the
war was based and felt it was important to show that America could see it
through. He makes himself sound noble by saying that following a “harder path”
results from pursuing what one believes in. Of course by shifting the
conversation, he doesn’t answer the question about not keeping the promise he
made in his campaign. Nixon says he was probably the last victim of the war,
outrageously equating his problems with, as Reston says off-camera, with the
“paraplegics.”
Frost
follows up with questioning the extension of the war into Cambodia despite the
CIA and the Pentagon advising against it. Nixon counters by noting the large
number of weapons they seized by going into Cambodia that would have been used
against American troops. Frost is now on the offensive by interrupting Nixon,
saying that the headquarters for the South Vietnamese Communists was not in
Cambodia as claimed. He argues that Nixon bombed innocent people in that
country, turning them against America, and facilitating the takeover of
Cambodia by the Khmer Rouge, one of the most brutal regimes in history (as
depicted in the movie The Killing Fields).
They run a tape of the horror that resulted in Cambodia. Nixon says it was
never the intention of the United States to harm civilians, which is the
apologetic cliché of all leaders, and which has no connection to the reality of
war. But, Nixon effectively counterpunches with an anecdote about a man who
told him that he wished Nixon had gone into Cambodia earlier because he might
have acquired the rifle that killed his boy. Nixon forcefully says he has no
regrets about the attacks in Cambodia, and, with a louder voice, declares that
he wished he would have gone in “earlier, and harder.”
While
Nixon seems confident, smiling as he exits the interview, Frost’s satisfied
feeling is deflated by his team’s defeated attitude. They feel Nixon came off
well on the topic of the very unpopular Vietnam War, where he should have
appeared very vulnerable. They do not look positively to the session about
Russia and China, where Nixon was considered to have made major
accomplishments. Zelnick is angry that Nixon stated that force was needed
against revolutionaries in America. Zelnick essentially says that Nixon
mislabeled those that were against the Vietnam War, who were mostly peaceful
protestors objecting to the country’s war policies, and were not trying to
topple the government. Reston says Nixon was making it look as if wiretapping
journalists was a necessary step given the circumstances. Reston objects to
what he calls Frost’s “trivia” questions, which are the kind a “talk show” host
would pose. Frost, the man who does not handle failure well, tries to eliminate
pessimism by giving them an ultimatum. He says that depressing and negative
comments will infect the operation, and says anyone who doesn’t believe in the
success of the project should leave. He invites them to celebrate with him and
Caroline at a dinner, but Zelnick sees no reason for such a celebration. Frost
informs them that it is his birthday, and despite the attacks on his handling
of the interviews, he nobly says, “I’d like to celebrate my birthday with a few
friends.” His conciliatory personality sets him apart from Nixon, who seeks vengeance
against those who question him, a dangerous attitude in someone who wields
immense power.
Another
bit of contrasting scenes follow that delineate differences and similarities
between Nixon and Frost. Frost’s lavish party has celebrities such as Neil
Diamond, Hugh Hefner, and others, where even Reston and Zelnick are starstruck.
Frost is brooding a bit despite Birt saying the tapes will be around for future
historians and Caroline telling him nobody else could have pulled off making
the interviews happen. Frost is probably reflecting how he worries the program
will not be broadcast because of a lack of backing, and he likely is feeling
defeated despite his outward optimism. Nixon’s venue is much quieter as he
plays subdued, music on the piano with a small group of family and loyal
friends, reflecting his outsider disposition. Brennan, again making a sports
analogy, tells Pat Nixon that her husband is working on a shutout game, and she
says she is glad all is going “according to plan.” But Nixon’s face reveals
some concern, that maybe he does not feel as triumphant as others around him
think he should feel, since the final installment deals with Watergate.
After
the party, Frost gets news that his Australian show has been canceled and his
one in England may follow. He has invested so much of his energy and resources
into the Nixon interviews that the entertainment part of his work, for which he
was known and allowed him to prosper, is failing. He reveals to Caroline grave
self-doubts about what he has risked, and sees his choice to pursue the Nixon
show as a huge mistake.
But
right at that moment, he receives a call from an inebriated Nixon (which did
not really occur, but works here for dramatic purposes). The former president,
probably feeling envious of Frost’s younger age and celebrity bachelor
lifestyle, wonders if Frost is entertaining anyone, which is code for having a
woman with him. But Frost admits, at the moment, that he, too, is alone. He
says that he is getting ready for their final session, which is not true, but
perhaps even in his despair, Frost is trying to make a show of strength. Nixon
rightly concludes that how Frost handles the issue of Watergate will determine
the success or failure of Frost’s enterprise. Nixon wonders if he should be
worried. Frost says he will give it his best shot, and to Nixon’s credit, a man
who is a veteran of many public battles says, “Quite right. No holds barred.”
They are like two verbal gladiators preparing to square off against each other.
Nixon just now has read over a research profile on Frost, which shows that he
didn’t originally consider him to be much of an adversary. He notes that Frost
came from a “modest” background and went off “to a grand university full of
richer, posher types.” Nixon always had an inferiority complex when it came to
those who were wealthier, who felt they were part of a cultured upper class. It
is on this point that he feels he and Frost are similar, and offers that he
knows that there must have been snobs who treated Frost badly at college. Nixon
says, “No matter how high we get, they still look down at us.” Frost says he
doesn’t know what Nixon is talking about, but he was certainly experiencing
that condescension from Reston and Zelnick recently. Nixon says that rejection is
“why we work so hard now, why we fight for every inch.” Nixon says that both
their struggles are “undignified” because they must scratch and claw to climb
up out of the shadows into “a way back into the sun,” which was automatically
assigned to the privileged. And the fact that they have no safety net, there is
always the danger that they can slip back into the “dirt” which is where the
snobs felt they should reside. Nixon fiercely promises that they will continue
to fight, win awards, and gain power to defy those who would relegate them to
defeat. But Frost says that only one of them can win their battle. Nixon,
seeing this interview as his last stand, says that is correct. He promises to
be Frost’s worst adversary, because given the circumstances, one of them must
be defeated because “the limelight can only shine on one of us.” Nixon grasps
the way games of competition must play out. He says with great insight that the
loser will be sent to “the wilderness, with nothing and no one for company.”
With
the gauntlet being thrown down, Frost now does work on the last confrontation,
listening to the Watergate tapes and going over the research. He gets Reston to
follow up on the latter’s idea of researching a meeting between Nixon and
Charles Colson, his special counselor when he was President. There is a cut to
Nixon on a treadmill, looking like an athlete working out to get in shape for a
contest. Nixon marches into the session with no cordial greetings. Frost
mentions the phone call, but Nixon doesn’t even remember it, which is difficult
to believe since how could he be that drunk and still speak so logically during
the conversation.
Frost
starts out by asking Nixon if he felt he participated in obstruction of
justice. Nixon condescendingly says Frost probably hasn’t read the statute on
this point, but Frost counters by saying he has, which makes Nixon hesitate for
a moment. This exchange of blows is the opposite of what Brennan noted after
the first interview, when it was Frost who seemed unprepared. Nixon says that
the law states obstruction not only requires an act but it must be coupled with
a “specific corrupt motive.” He says that he was only interested in political
containment. Frost points out that Nixon tried to stop the investigation,
giving the go-ahead for further criminal inquiries when the fallout from the
burglary couldn’t be contained. Frost says that obstruction doesn’t have a time
period limitation; it’s obstruction even if it’s for a short period. Nixon says
there is no evidence that there was an attempt during the period in question to
obstruct justice. Frost notes that eighteen minutes of taping were erased, and
Nixon says there remained Bob Haldeman’s notes. Frost then reveals what Reston
discovered, that there is an unpublished transcript that was in the archives of
a conversation between Nixon and Colson. Nixon seems taken aback by this
revelation, as if Frost hit him with an unexpected punch. The conversation with
Colson shows Nixon knew about the crime three days earlier than he claimed. Frost
then quotes later transcripts that talk about dealing with the consequences of
the break-in with exorbitant amounts of money. Frost here confronts Nixon
directly for the first time with the evidence that caused impeachment hearings
to be considered. Nixon says that he thought the money was going for the
humanitarian defense of unfortunate people, who turned out to be the burglars.
Nixon maintains that Ehrlichman and Haldeman were the culprits, but Frost said
why not alert the authorities once he knew about their crimes, and by not doing
so, that was part of a cover-up. Nixon says he knew these men and their
families and erred on the part of compassion for them. Nixon says that
sometimes in his position he had to do things that were not strictly legal because
they were “in the greater interests of the nation.” Frost asks if he is saying
that the President can do something illegal when he thinks it’s what best? That
question is the knockout punch because Nixon then says, “I’m saying that when
the President does it, that means it’s not illegal.” Nixon’s staff reacts with
shared pain at this self-incriminating remark. Frost then tries to put the nail
in the coffin by asking for Nixon to admit that he was part of a cover-up and
did break the law. Nixon seems flustered and unable to respond.
Brennan
stops the interview and Zelnick and Reston angrily tell him that he can be sued
for preventing the interview from continuing. Frost also seems frustrated that
he couldn’t get the answer to his question. In another room, Nixon asks Brennan
if he “threw in the towel,” (another boxing metaphor), and felt pity for him,
which Nixon does not seek. Brennan says that maybe the former president should
take a beat before making an “emotional disclosure” that could have devastating
consequences. Nixon now looks defeated, admits to being worn down by all of his
denials, but thanks Brennan for his efforts. He is basically saying that he
wants to continue with the interview.
Frost
resumes by saying that the people want to know if there were more than mistakes
made, that there was wrongdoing, that Nixon abused the power of the presidency,
and he put the American people through two years of unnecessary agony. Frost
says that Nixon must apologize because the people need to hear it and if he
doesn’t, Watergate will continue to “haunt” him. Nixon admits he made
“horrendous” mistakes, unworthy of his office, but still doesn’t call them
illegal acts. He does admit to the cover-up, but refuses to “grovel.” He seems
tortured trying to come up with what to say to the American people. He finally
says that he let the American people down and “our system of government.” He
finally concedes that his political life is over. So, he finally seems to
understand that his plans noted at the beginning of the movie of moving back
east and being involved in the political scene again will not happen, and
probably never had a chance. He sits in the chair, looking thoroughly
vanquished.
Reston
says that Zelnick and Birt celebrated that Frost accomplished what no judiciary
committee, no prosecutor, and no journalist had accomplished in getting Nixon
to admit his role, and apologize. But, he notes that TV tends to oversimplify
“complex” issues, reducing them to a single snapshot. He says the image of
Nixon on the TV screen showed his face to be “swollen and ravaged by
loneliness, self-loathing and defeat.” That one image would blot out everything
else, all of the shades of gray between the blacks and whites of what is purely
wrong and right, the complexities that this movie is trying to depict.
The
program was a huge ratings success. Frost was on the cover of major magazines
and received accolades for the interviews. Frost did visit Nixon before going
home with Caroline. Nixon seems to take it all in his pre-admission of guilt
stride again, and congratulates Frost for being a “worthy” opponent. He treats
the interviews like they were just a contest, lightly dismissing any
journalistic fallout perpetrated by those “sons of whores.” Frost did bring him
a pair of Italian shoes, showing some class. Nixon says he admires Frost for
being able to be such a people person, which he is not, and finds it ironic
that he chose a profession that relied on having people like him. He was more
adapted to a life of “debate” and “intellectual discipline.” Interestingly,
Nixon says they maybe should have switched jobs, which reflects on the current
state of how celebrity brings success in politics. Nixon asks if they really
did talk on the phone, but Frost says they only talked about cheeseburgers,
(since Frost thought Caroline was calling to ask what he wanted to eat). Frost
spares Nixon the embarrassment of knowing he revealed his mental anguish.
The
postscript says that Frost (the David in the tale) was welcomed back into
broadcasting while Nixon (the Goliath) remained pretty much out of the public
picture until his death. Reston comments again about that media
oversimplification process by noting the former president’s political epitaph.
He says that “His most lasting legacy is that today any political wrongdoing is
immediately given the suffix - gate.”
Next
time, movies studied at the Bryn Mawr Film Institute.
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